ISSUE FOCUS FEED & ADDITIVE MAGAZINE February 2025 33 of resistance. We are concerned about the effectiveness of treatments for us in the future and scared about untreatable pathogens. That is why we encourage the responsible use of antibiotics in livestock. Since infected animals need treatment, the most essential measure is to ensure that animals stay healthy. Although there are very serious restrictions on the use of antibiotics in the EU and developed countries, their use continues extensively in many parts of the world. On a global scale, what are the most common reasons for the use of antibiotics in livestock farming? While only therapeutic use is allowed in Europe, reasons worldwide include both therapeutic and non-therapeutic uses. Especially in poor hygiene conditions or very high stocking densities, antibiotics are often used in advance to prevent diseases. Another common use outside of Europe is growth promotion: I was shocked to hear at the animal science conference in the US that some researchers recommend the use of antibiotics to enhance growth rates and improve feed efficiency in livestock to make production more sustainable. This perspective of sustainability regarding resources does not fit our European one health approach. How do antibiotic-resistant bacteria develop and spread? Can you explain the risk areas/regions? Antibiotic-resistant bacteria develop through genetic mutations and the exchange of resistance genes between bacteria, often driven by the presence of a selector such as antibiotics or disinfectant agents. Highrisk conditions include overuse or misuse of these active agents, poor hygienic management, particularly continuous housing systems, and high stocking density. Besides that, our research showed that feeding and drinking water hygiene are very important. Is it possible to limit antibiotic use without compromising animal health, productivity and welfare? Can you explain at what stages, with what measures and support? There is definitely potential to implement measures on practical farms further and improve animal health and welfare, resulting in less required antibiotic treatments. Some of these strategies can only be realized by monetary investments, and some lead to decreased productivity, such as reducing the stocking density or increasing vaccinations. Therefore, the value chain must cover additional costs to support farmers. Additionally, in some cases, we found in our research that there are still considerable knowledge gaps or attempts of trial and error that can be reduced by more intensive knowledge transfer, monitoring data analysis and exchange between farmers. What is the role of animal nutrition, feed, and feed components in this process? To what extent can a well-managed feeding program, safe feed, and feed ingredients or correct feed formulation reduce the need for antibiotic use? Animal nutrition plays a significant role in reducing the need for antibiotic use by supporting overall animal health. A well-managed feeding program can improve productivity, reduce stress, and prevent an impaired immune system. Healthy, well-fed ani-
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