SUSTAINABILITY 72 FEED & ADDITIVE MAGAZINE December 2024 major pathogens responsible for enteric diseases in pigs and poultry have been confirmed with internal in vitro test. The data shows that the high level of conjugated bile salts can kill the ETEC (Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, F18), S. Typhimurium, and C. perfringens (Figure 2). However, the problem is that bile salts gradually lose their antibacterial activity as they pass through the intestine because of BSH, which is produced by commensal bacteria. As bile salts can also be toxic to the commensal bacteria (or gut microbiota), they have evolved to produce BSH to survive from the bile salt toxicity and protect themselves. Once BSH deactivates conjugated bile acids, these cannot kill the pathogens introduced from the outside environment as the ability to produce BSH is limited in non-commensal microbiota. Thus, inhibition of BSH is an effective way to control the overgrowth of enteric pathogens without affecting the commensal microbiota. Especially, maintaining a high level of conjugated bile acids in the intestine can supress pathogen overgrowth and the diarrhea issues in the commercial production system. Unlike traditional AGPs which reduce diversity of gut microbiota, a gut health solution product having BSHI functionality supports the diversity of gut microbiota. Since the commensal microbiota have evolved additional detoxification mechanisms, such as bile efflux pumps, to defend against bile acid toxicity, they are hardly affected by both bile acids and the BSH inhibition mechanism. In relation to the above-mentioned notion, several studies have reported that microbial diversity is reduced in organisms with the disorder of bile acid production and release (ex, cholestasis and bile duct ligation) in humans and mice. It’s been well acknowledged that the secretion of bile acids provides sufficient momentum to support the diversity of microorganisms in the intestine (Collins et al., 2023). WHAT IS THE BEST OPTION FOR INHIBITION OF BSH ACTIVITY? After years of research and development, CJ BIO has developed a combination of natural ingredients with BSHI function and the best blends to provide gut health solutions through in vitro, ex-vivo, and in-vivo validation. GutLukTM is composed of an optimum ratio of four selected epicatechins, vitamin K, and tributyrin. The product blend showed the best functionality of BSH inhibition and the rapid regeneration of damaged gut epithelium (Figure 3). Antimicrobial Effects Concentration of conjugated bile acids ETEC S. Typhimurium C. perfringens 100 80 60 40 20 0 100100100 83 57 93 80 67 11 11 16 0 0 1 91 0 mM 0.3 mM 1 mM 2 mM 5 mM Bacterial survival rate (%) Figure 2. Antimicrobial effect of bile salts on enteric pathogens ETEC (F18), S. Typhimurium, and C. perfringens along the increased concentration of bile salts (In vitro test, Internal study).
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