SUSTAINABILITY FEED & ADDITIVE MAGAZINE December 2024 71 WHAT ARE BILE SALT HYDROLASE INHIBITORS? As regulations tighten in pursuing a sustainable livestock industry, efforts to discover effective alternatives to AGPs and zinc oxide are still progressing. Among the many categories and mode-of-actions of the alternatives to AGPs, such as probiotics, organic acids, prebiotic oligosaccharides, and bacteriophages, some of the researchers have focused on one of the mode-of-actions commonly found in AGPs and ZnO (Smith K, et al., 2014; Geng and Lin, 2016), which maintain the bactericidal activity of conjugated bile acids by inhibiting bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity, known as bile salts hydrolase inhibitor (BSHI). To figure out more details of the mechanism of BSHI, it is important to understand the functions of bile acids besides boosting fat emulsification and absorption. Bile acids act as innate antibacterial agents by disrupting bacterial cell membranes, inducing DNA damage, protein misfolding. In other words, unique and natural antibiotics already exist in the animal’s body. Especially, when bile acids are released into the duodenum, either glycine or taurine combine with the bile acids, forming ‘conjugated bile acids (or bile salts)’. The form of conjugated bile acids has stronger bactericidal activity due to increased solubility in the small intestine than other forms of bile acids. The bactericidal effects of conjugated bile acids on the E. coli C. perfrigens C C. difficile Enterococcus spp. C. perfrigens A Cystoisospora suis Lawsonia intracellularis Salmonella spp. Suckling pigs Weaners Production phases Fatteners/finishers Adults Brachyspira spp. Rotavirus TGEV PEDV and other coronaviruses E. coli E. coli (up to 12 weeks) Figure 1. The pathogens causing enteric diseases over the entire stages of pig production; Luppi et al., 2023
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