ISSUE FOCUS FEED & ADDITIVE MAGAZINE October 2024 45 strains (ETEC) are a particular problem in piglets and can lead to enteric colibacillosis, characterized by severe, watery diarrhea and dehydration, which can further cause acidosis and sudden death. Fungal contamination in feed, particularly mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, fumonisins, deoxynivalenol (DON), and zearalenone (ZEN), can lead to a variety of problems. These include damage to the liver, kidneys and intestines, which can affect metabolism and nutrient utilization, ultimately impacting the animal’s growth performance. Additionally, these toxins can weaken the immune system, making animals more susceptible to illness, and cause reproductive issues by disrupting hormonal balance. Viruses were not considered a risk in swine feed until it was confirmed that porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRS) and African swine fever virus (ASFv) could survive in feed and feed ingredients. The risk from avian influenza virus (AIV) seems lower compared to swine viruses, but feed biosecurity measures, such as regular screening and hygiene management, remain important. PEDV primarily targets the intestinal lining, resulting in diarrhea, dehydration, and malnutrition. PRRS compromises the immune system, leading to secondary gut infections and impaired nutrient absorption. ASFV, being more systemic, inflicts severe internal damage, including hemorrhagic enteritis. In poultry, HPAI disrupts intestinal health through inflammation and immune suppression, reducing nutrient uptake. These viruses significantly diminish animal performance and increase mortality rates. Transmission through contaminated feed underscores the importance of stringent biosecurity measures, making effective feed biosecurity essential. SOLUTIONS TO MITIGATE FEED-SOURCE PATHOGEN IMPACT Addressing the challenges posed by pathogens in animal feed is essential for ensuring the health and productivity of poultry and swine. To mitigate these risks, a comprehensive strategy which encompasses routine testing of ingredients and finished feed, robust vaccination program, stringent biosecurity measures and rigorous hygiene practices throughout the feed supply chain is required. Additionally, the use of feed treatments, such as UV irradiation, thermal treatment and chemical treatments can significantly reduce the introduction and spread of pathogens within the animal production system. Tailoring vaccination programs to farm conditions can provide lasting immunity and protect livestock from disease outbreaks. However, there is no silver bullet or one-size-fits-all solution to mitigating feed-source pathogen impact on animal health,
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