ISSUE FOCUS 38 FEED & ADDITIVE MAGAZINE June 2024 found behavioral and physiological changes poultry experience under heat stress can increase mortality, resulting in economic losses for producers. ROLE OF NUTRITION IN COMBATTING HEAT STRESS Nutrition is integral in combatting heat stress in poultry. Advanced nutrition can support birds' physiological responses to high temperatures, improving their thermotolerance. Management of nutrient balance in poultry is possible by providing formulated diets with high energy density and improved nutrient digestibility that meet their rapid metabolic processes. The texture of feed can also play a role in combating heat stress. Pellets and crumbles typically have less dust compared to mash feed. Dust can exacerbate respiratory issues in poultry, which can be problematic under heat stress conditions, however, pellets and crumbles often contain a balanced mix of nutrients, which can improve digestibility and nutrient absorption. Alternatively, mash feed requires more water to consume compared with pellets and crumbles. During hot weather, consuming mash feed can help contribute to birds' overall water intake, helping them to stay hydrated. To further elevate immune function and enhance gut health, producers can consider feed additives such as probiotics, prebiotics and yeast-based products. Other considerations for feed additives include synthetic amino acids and enzymes, which are effective for feed digestibility. Producers should favor quality fat over carbohydrates as a primary energy source in poultry feed. Medical additives, such as coccidiostats, can further prevent infectious diseases but should be incorporated appropriately for flocks. As mentioned, poultry experience increased respiratory rates when exposed to high temperatures. Panting results in electrolyte imbalances, but sodium, potassium, and chloride supplements will regulate hydration levels. Access to clean water is also essential in reducing the likelihood of developing symptoms of heat stress. The benefits of these additives support birds’ overall health by improving nutrient absorption and reducing inflammation, both of which are vital to alleviating heat stress. OTHER CONSIDERATIONS TO MANAGE THE EFFECTS OF HEAT STRESS Poultry can be susceptible to heat stress year-round, especially in modern housing. Ventilation systems are effective in poultry housing to increase air circulation, reduce air temperature and humidity, and decrease the potential for birds to experience heat stress. Exhaust fans and structural venting push hot air out and maintain air quality. Evaporative cooling systems such as foggers, misters, and cool cell pads are also effective for heat management. However, it is best practice to use cooling devices in combination with ventilation methods to avoid an increase in humidity. Additional strategies include: • Shading structures to minimize heat buildup and create a cool and comfortable environment • Controlled management of litter moisture content to prevent it from becoming excessively hot
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