ARTICLE 76 FEED & ADDITIVE MAGAZINE December 2023 Liposomes are another example of micelles and can be used to encapsulate both water and lipid-soluble compounds. The dissolution of fat-soluble nutrients in water-based drinks is one of the critical applications of liposomes. Liposomes can be produced in different sizes (10-500nm) and engineered to have extra stability and surface charges under other environmental conditions. Liposome technology can target specific sites within a food/feed product for enzymatic degradation. Nanoemulsions Nanoemulsions are thermodynamically stable emulsions compared to conventional emulsions under a range of different conditions. This is due to their small size (typically 50 to 500nm compared to 1200nm) and monodispersity. They can be diluted with water without changing the droplet size distribution. The type of surfactant used to formulate a nanoemulsion is critical to the stability of the final emulsion. Preparations of nanoemulsions can be used to encapsulate functional food/feed components at oil/water interfaces or throughout the continuous phase of the system. The applications of nanoemulsions include delivery of active compounds in the body, stabilization of biologically active ingredients, extended shelf-life due to increased stability, and increased viscosity at lower concentrations of the oil phase. The technology has been combined with advanced processing technologies to develop novel microencapsulated products that allow the controlled release of food/feed bioactive in the gastrointestinal tract. These products may be ready-todrink or powdered formulations fortified with functional ingredients from various sources. DELIVERY OF DIETARY NANO PARTICLE SUPPLEMENTS AND NUTRACEUTICALS IN FISH One of the main underlying concepts behind the idea that nanoparticles can improve fish development is based on their ability to increase the quanNanoparticle Species Action Reference Iron Selenium Mn, Zn, and Selenium Manganese oxide Copper Gold Sturgeon Crucian carp Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) Indian river prawn (M. rosenbergii) Red sea bream (Pagrus major) Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) Faster growth rate Enhance muscle selenium and antioxidant status Enhance bone mineralization and stress resistance Improve antioxidant defense system increased non-specific immune response and digestive enzyme activities Reduce hepatic damage due to acetaminophen in water Ebrahimi et al., 2020 Saffari et al., 2017 Izquierdo et al., 2017 Asaikkutti et al., 2016 Basuini et al., 2016 Kunjiappan et al., 2016 Table 1. Beneficial effects of different nanoparticles in fish
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