ARTICLE FEED & ADDITIVE MAGAZINE December 2023 75 mance (regarding final weight and weight gain) and higher selenium contents in the liver and muscle in a fish-fed diet supplemented with nano-selenium. Zinc: Dietary is essential for the growth and health of higher animals, including fish. Zinc promotes growth, and it cannot be stored in animal bodies. Its deficiency could lead to frequent infections, poor appetite, and taste and smell-associated problems. Regular dietary zinc intake is, therefore, a necessity. The supplementation of nano zinc oxide in the feed of grass carp (Ctepharyngodon idella) shows a significant increase in growth and hematological parameters. Iron: Dietary iron supplementation for fish is essential because most natural bulk iron sources do not meet dietary requirements due to low solubility and bioavailability. The study of the growth-promoting potential of iron oxide nanoparticles shows an improvement in growth and survival rate in Freshwater prawns (Macrobranchium rosenbergiii). 2. A stress resisstors: Oxidative stress-related minerals selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) should be supplied in micro diets for better survival of larvae. Since the larvae were less resistant to stress, adding Zn, Mn, and Se in nanometals has improved stress resistance and bone mineralization. 3. As an antioxidant promoter: A wide range of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and their salts can be efficiently used in fish diets to improve their health, antioxidant status, immunity, and overall performance. Among SCFAs, butyric acid and its salt sodium butyrate have attracted the vision and interests of researchers to be used as excellent growth promoters, antioxidants, and immunostimulants. The dietary supplementation of sodium butyrate nano particles modulated the fish antioxidant defense mechanism by significantly upregulating antioxidant enzyme genes (gpx and sod). 4. As an immune response promotor: Copper is a critical mineral. It is used as an alternative to antibiotics that affect animal performance development by influencing the metabolism of nutrients as it affects the immune system, which results in metabolic changes known as immunological stress. The administration of copper nanoparticles will increase lymphoid organs, which indicates an improved immune status. DELIVERY METHODS OF NANOPARTICLES IN FEED Nano-additives can also be incorporated in micelles or capsules of protein or another natural food/ feed ingredient. Micelles Liquid droplet technology named ‘Nano-sized Self-assembled Liquid Structures (NSLS) involves encapsulation and release of particles in cells. Micelles are tiny spheres of oil or fat coated with a thin layer of bipolar molecules of which one end is soluble in fat and the other in water. Such nanocapsules can contain healthy omega-3 fish oil (ώ3 fatty acids) with a strong and unpleasant taste and only release in the stomach. The particle size of minerals as feed additives in nanoparticle form is claimed to be smaller than 100 nanometers, so they can pass through the stomach wall and into body cells more quickly than ordinary minerals with larger particle sizes. The micellar particles encapsulate nutraceuticals (beta-carotene, CoQ10, docosahexaenoic acid/ eicosapentaenoic acid (DHA/EPA) and other compounds) into 30 nm self-assembled spheres. Micelles are organic nano particulates that can be assembled by the thermodynamically driven process known as self-assembly. Micelles made in this way can encapsulate non-polar molecules such as lipids, flavors, antimicrobials, antioxidants, and vitamins. Compounds generally insoluble or only sparingly soluble in water can be made water soluble, extending their use in foods/feeds and potentially changing their bioavailability once ingested. The micelles are made from lipid molecules and have a unique hydrophobic interior. The NSLS particles are reported to act as vehicles for compounds to be absorbed into the bloodstream from the gut more readily, increasing their bioavailability.
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