ARTICLE 74 FEED & ADDITIVE MAGAZINE December 2023 otechnology utilizes structures under 100 nanometers in size, more than 1000 times narrower than the diameter of a human hair. Additionally, using nanomaterials for delivery systems can improve the nutritional profiles of feed and the feeding conversion rate. These advantages enhance feed efficiency, reduce waste and financial burden, and improve production yield and quality. Nanotechnology is also applied to strengthen bioavailability (including functional compounds), encapsulation, and monitoring the release of microencapsulated antimicrobials in packaging, slowing down the decomposition process and improving the stability and shelf-life of delicate ingredients in aquafeeds. Hence, the main goal of this review is to focus on a broad manuscript of information about the application of nanotechnology in fish feed additives. MECHANISM OF ACTION OF NANOPARTICLES The mechanisms of action of the nanoparticles are as follows below: • Increase the surface area available to interact with biological support • Prolong compound residence time in GIT • Decrease the influence of intestinal clearance mechanisms • Penetrate deeply into tissues through fine capillaries • Cross epithelial lining fenestration (e.g., liver) • Enable efficient uptake by cells • Efficient delivery of active compounds to target sites in the body USE OF NANOPARTICLES AS FEED ADDITIVES Nanoparticles can be used as feed additives to improve livestock production. Minute micelles (nanocapsules) are used as carriers for essential oils, flavor, antioxidants, coenzyme Q10, vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals to improve their bioavailability (Elamin, 2006). Encapsulating the nanoparticles of active ingredients (e.g., polyphenols, minerals, and micronutrients) protects them from oxidation and getting to the taste receptor site, thus reducing their undesirable off-tastes in the finished application. The application of nanoparticles as feed additives is classified as follows: 1. As a growth promoter: A sound understanding of the concept and importance of growth is central to meaningful improvement/progress in fish nutrition. Growth is essential in estimating fish populations' production, stock size, recruitment, and mortality in fisheries and aquaculture. Several nanomaterials are currently being used as feed supplements. Selenium is an essential micronutrient that enhances fish's growth and physiological health by acting as an antioxidant and a catalyst for growth and hormone production. The synergic effect of dietary nano-selenium (nano-Se) and vitamin C reports on increased growth of mahseer fish (Tor putitora). Also, a study on common carp with different levels of nano-selenium showed improved growth perfor-
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