ARTICLE 82 FEED & ADDITIVE MAGAZINE November 2023 ly due to the disruption in the liver metabolism. This metabolic disruption is majorly caused due to the higher inclusion of carbohydrates and fat in the diets, in the case of fish. Formulating a diet of fish with carbohydrate such as the Non-starch Polysaccharide (NSP) and sugars which produces high glucose in the fish blood for a certain period and then are sent to the liver for storage as glycogen. Lipids in the form of Crude lipids account for fat content in the diet. The source or ingredient of lipid which has saturated long-chain fatty acid is metabolized and stored in the liver. So, providing short-chain, medium-chain, PUFA, or HUFA helps in lowering the probability of fish liver affected by that disease. Studies have shown that Omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids help in the efficient curing of fatty liver in fish. Other factors such as mycotoxins, pollutants, and environmental parameters are the secondary factors contributing to the manifestation of the disease. These accelerate or kindle the manifestation of the fatty liver. COMPLICATIONS DUE TO FATTY LIVER DISEASE In fish, dysfunctional PPAR and p53 signaling pathways cause lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. Functional foods mentioned above improve pathway signaling and liver health. Kuwashiro, et al., (2011) found that telmisartan, a drug, ameliorates NASH in medaka by reducing macrophage infiltration into the liver. Liver damage indicators, GPT and GOT, increase when fish are fed a high-fat diet. Chen et al., (2016) studied liver damage in blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). In tilapia, a high-fat diet obstructs lipid metabolism, increases lipid peroxidation, and negatively affects liver health. Previous studies in tilapia show metabolic dysfunctions, oxidative stress, and compromised immune capacity. In 1976, Bang, Dyerberg, and Hjørne discovered that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) can decrease serum lipid levels. Omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids have been found to prevent cardiovascular diseases by reducing lipid accumulation, enhancing insulin sensitivity, and displaying anti-inflammatory properties, as supported by various studies in the literature. These fatty acids also positively impact liver enzyme activity, such as ALT and AST. There are two customary indicators of liver damage viz, GPT (glutamate pyruvate transaminase) and GOT (glutamate oxalate transaminase) when fish is fed with a high-fat diet. The extent of the liver damage was studied in blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) by Chen et al., (2016). In tilapia, it was observed that a high-fat diet obstructed lipid metabolism boosted lipid peroxidation, and led to poor health of the liver. In addition, previous studies in tilapia demonstrate metabolic dysfunctions, oxidative stress, and thereby compromised immune capacity. HOW SORBITOL AND TRICHOLINE CAN MITIGATE FATTY LIVER DISEASE IN FISH? In humans, sorbitol and tricholine act as cholesterol-reducing agent. Tricholine in the form of TrichoFigure 1. Sources & Factors leading to fatty liver
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