ARTICLE FEED & ADDITIVE MAGAZINE October 2023 75 lipids, proteins, and starch, higher viscosity, and reduction in short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in a controlled Oreochromis niloticus settling tank. LIMITATIONS Starch gelatinization results in the formation of indigestible complexes with the minerals and increases the digesta viscosity, and reduces mineral absorption. Enhanced starch digestibility often leads to reduced intestinal short chain fatty acids, potentially compromising immunity and disease resistance. In addition, excess starch digestibility leads to large deposits of glycogen and lipid in the host which results in impaired growth and liver function. The constraint that arises in the utilization of pre-gelatinized starch in aquafeed is its potential to cause gelatinization in feed processing which might lead to reduced feed pellet integrity, increased feed dustiness, and water stability due to its rapid hydration and dissolution characteristics. Additionally, it could affect the overall palatability and digestibility of the aquatic animals due to the alteration in the texture and water-holding capacity. CONCLUSION Research on dietary starch and starch gelatinization in aquafeed is not as advanced as lipid and protein studies. Starch is often considered insignificant due to limited knowledge of aquatic animal carbohydrate metabolism. Gelatinized and pre-gelatinized (PG) starches enhance pellet quality, improving durability, water stability, and protein solubility at lower heat. In summary, while gelatinized starch is typically more digestible in aquatic animals, its effects on growth, feeding efficiency, physiology, and health vary, and research in this field is in its early stages. References: 1. Kumar, V., Sahu, N. P., Pal, A. K., & Kumar, S. (2007). Immunomodulation of Labeo rohita juveniles due to dietary gelatinized and non-gelatinized starch. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 23(2), 341-353. 2. Obaldo, L. G., Dominy, W. G., & Ryu, G. H. (1999). Growth, survival, and diet utilization of Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, fed dry extruded diets with different levels of shear and moisture. Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 9(1), 47-57. 3. Stone, D. A. J., Allan, G. L., & Anderson, A. J. (2003). Carbohydrate utilization by juvenile silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus (Mitchell). II. Digestibility and utilization of starch and its breakdown products. Aquaculture Research, 34(2), 109-121. 4. Wood, J. F. (1987). The functional properties of feed raw materials and their effect on the production and quality of feed pellets. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 18(1), 1-17. 5. Riaz, M. N., Asif, M., & Ali, R. (2009). Stability of vitamins during extrusion. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 49(4), 361-368. 6. Jain, A., Rao, S. M., Sethi, S., Ramesh, A., Tiwari, S., Mandal, S. K., ... & Kalaichelvani, C. (2012). Effect of cooking on amylose content of rice. European Journal of Experimental Biology, 2(2), 385-388. 7. Enes, P., Peres, H., Couto, A., & Oliva-Teles, A. (2010). Growth performance and metabolic utilization of diets including starch, dextrin, maltose, or glucose as carbohydrate sources by gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) juveniles. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 36, 903-910. 8. Bergot F, Breque J (1983) Digestibility of starch by rainbow trout: effects on the physical state of starch and of the intake level. Aquaculture 34: 203–212 About Kalaiselvan Pandi Kalaiselvan Pandi is a research scholar in the Department of Fish Nutrition and Feed Technology at Institute of Fisheries Post Graduate Studies of Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University (TNJFU), India. He has been honored with the prestigious Bayer Fellowship-“Medha”. About Dr. Amit Ranjan Dr. Amit Ranjan is an assistant professor in the Department of Fish Nutrition and Feed Technology at the Institute of Fisheries Post Graduate Studies of Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University (TNJFU), India. He is specialized in fish and shrimp nutrition. With his expertise in commercial shrimp and freshwater fish farming, he has authored numerous research articles in international peer-reviewed journals and served as a reviewer for more than 30 journals.
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