ISSUE FOCUS 42 FEED & ADDITIVE MAGAZINE October 2023 increased the production of pancreatic enzymes (Osborne and Hamilton, 1981). Intestinal morphology (intestinal crypt depth) and the specific activity of intestinal disaccharidase and maltase were also altered by feeding AFB1 (Applegate et al., 2009). This generates a change in the chemistry of the luminal environment. The bacteria that are most suitable to the new luminal environment will have more chances of successfully multiplying. In addition to the morphological changes induced to the intestinal villi by DON, it is suggested that this mycotoxin inhibits Na+ transport and Na+-D-glucose co-transport in the jejunum of layers. This results in reduced glucose uptake when the intestine is exposed to DON concentrations of 10 mg/L (Awad et al., 2005a). Similarly, in layers, DON affects the intestinal absorption of the amino acids that are co-transported with sodium, such as L-proline (Awad et al., 2005b). So, the quality and quantity of nutrients available in the intestinal lumen changes since absorption capacity is altered. It is likely that species of bacteria that can successfully ferment the new “luminal diet” will predominate in the lumen. Sub-chronic ingestion of DON, comparable with concentrations occurring in contaminated food and feed, was reported to impair the intestinal transfer and uptake of nutrients. Black, sticky diarrhea was reported in a flock of 6,700 laying hens in India after they consumed a feed batch contaminated with FB1 (6.5 mg/kg feed) and AfB1 (0.1 mg/kg). Hemorrhages of the proventriculus and accumulations of fluid in the intestine were commonly seen in the postmortem examinations. The disease was then experimentally reproduced in day-old chicks and laying hens by feeding the contaminated diet (Prathapkumar et al., 1997). MYCOTOXINS AND INFECTIOUS AGENTS In an experimental necrotic enteritis (caused by Clostridium perfringens) infection model, broiler “Aflatoxins fed to broiler chickens decreased pancreatic secretions, whereas aflatoxins fed to layers increased the production of pancreatic enzymes (Osborne and Hamilton, 1981). Intestinal morphology (intestinal crypt depth) and the specific activity of intestinal disaccharidase and maltase were also altered by feeding AFB1 (Applegate et al., 2009)."
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