ISSUE FOCUS 28 FEED & ADDITIVE MAGAZINE September 2023 Leaf powder of Artemisia annua Saponins Tannins Flavonoids and terpenoids Artemisinin Phenols Inhibition of coccidia: By binding to membrane cholesterol, the saponins disturb the lipids in the parasite cell membrane. The impact on the enzymatic activity and metabolism leads to cell death, which then induces a toxic effect in mature enterocytes in the intestinal mucosa. As a result, sporozoite-infected cells are released before the protozoa reach the merozoite phase. Support for the chicken: Saponins enhance non-specific immunity and increase productive performance (higher daily gain and improved FCR, lower mortality rate). They decrease fecal oocyst shedding and reduce ammonia production. Inhibition of coccidia: Tannins penetrate the coccidia oocyst wall and inactivate the endogenous enzymes responsible for sporulation. Support for the chicken: Additionally, they enhance anticoccidial antibodies' activity by increasing cellular and humoral immunity. Inhibition of coccidia: They inhibit the invasion and replication of different species of coccidia. Support for the chicken: They bind to the mannose receptor on macrophages and stimulate them to produce inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 through IL-6 and TNF. Higher weight gain and lower fecal oocyst output are an indication of suppression of coccidiosis. Inhibition of coccidia: Its impact on calcium homeostasis compromises the oocyst wall formation and leads to a defective cell wall and, in the end, to the death of the oocyst. Enhancing the production of ROS directly inhibits sporulation and also wall formation and, therefore, affects the Eimeria life cycle. Support for the chicken: Reduction of oocyst shedding Support for the chicken: Protection from pathological symptoms and mortality associated with Eimeria tenella infection. Reduced lesion score and fecal oocyst output. The leaf powder was more efficient than the essential oil, which could be due to a lack of Artemisinin in the oil, and to the greater antioxidant ability of A. annua leaves than the oil. Inhibition of coccidia: Phenols change the cytoplasmic membrane's permeability for cations (H+ and K+), impairing essential processes in the cell. The resulting leakage of cellular constituents leads to water unbalance, collapse of the membrane potential, inhibition of ATP synthesis, and, finally, cell death. Due to their toxic effect on the upper layer of mature enterocytes of the intestinal mucosa, they accelerate the natural renewal process, and, therefore, sporozoite-infected cells are shed before the coccidia reaches the merozoite phase. Bioactive compound Effect PHYTOCHEMICALS ARE A PERFECT TOOL TO COMPLEMENT COCCIDIOSIS CONTROL PROGRAMS As the availability of vaccines is limited and the application costs are relatively high, the industry has been researching supportive measures or products and discovered phytochemicals as the best choice. Effective phytochemical substances have antimicrobial and antiparasitic properties and enhance protective immunity in poultry infected by coccidiosis. They can be used in rotation with vaccination, to curtail vaccination reactions of (non-attenuated) wild strain vaccines, or in combination with chemical coccidiostats in a shuttle program.
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