SPECIAL STORY 48 FEED & ADDITIVE MAGAZINE August 2023 samples submitted by European locations between 2012 and 2019 and analyzed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) by an Alltech 37+® lab was described in a published survey (Koletsi et al., 2021). This study showed that 80% of tested wheat samples tested positive for at least one mycotoxin and in 63% of those more than one mycotoxin was found. At least one mycotoxin was found in 93% of analyzed corn samples and 88% of these multiple mycotoxins were detected. The average number of co-occurring was 6 mycotoxins. In soybean meal at least one mycotoxin was detected in 87% of samples tested and 75% of these contained multiple mycotoxins. Now, we report the mycotoxin profiles in commonly used plant-based ingredients — soybean meal (n=85), DDGS (n=63), wheat (n=109), corn (n=247), and byproducts (wheat bran and corn gluten; n=23) in shrimp feeds. These samples were submitted globally to the Alltech 37+ lab between January and June 2023, analyzed with LC–MS/MS for up to 54 individual mycotoxins, and categorized. Regardless of the ingredients, all tested samples were positive for at least one mycotoxin, and mycotoxins co-occurred in most. The results are shown in Table 1, mycotoxin groups with occurrence above 10%. What stands out most from the results in Table 1 is the high frequency (94–100%) of “emerging” mycotoxins in all tested ingredients. These emerging mycotoxins are neither routinely detected nor legislatively regulated, but their incidence is rapidly increasing. The submitted samples were analyzed for the following emerging mycotoxins: enniatin A/ A1, enniatin B/B1, beauvericin, moniliformin and alternariol. Many more fungal metabolites would fall into the category but were not analyzed. Among the emerging mycotoxins, moniliformin was detected in 94% of DDGS samples, and enniatins were the most frequent in all other tested ingredients, at levels above 60% and up to 94%. Corn was the ingredient with the highest average (254.4 ppb) and maximum (4,751 ppb) concentration of emerging mycotoxins, although there are no regulatory/recommendation limits about these toxins. Table 1. The most frequent mycotoxin groups (occurrence > 10%) in plant-based ingredients commonly used in the shrimp feeds with their average and maximum levels (ppb)
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