ARTICLE 72 FEED & ADDITIVE MAGAZINE July 2023 hibiting the reabsorption of bile acid in the ileum. Black soybean peptides have demonstrated antidiabetic effects by suppressing hepatic endoplasmic reticulum stress and maintaining insulin resistance. Properly processed soybeans have been shown to increase milk production and promote growth. Lactoferrin, an iron-binding glycoprotein with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, exhibits various beneficial effects. It interferes with the adhesion and colonization of microorganisms, detaches them from biological surfaces, inhibits their multiplication, neutralizes endotoxins, and enhances the immune system. As a result, lactoferrin shows potential for use against foodborne pathogens and also demonstrates antiviral, antifungal, and antiparasitic activities. PHYTONUTRACEUTICALS Plant extracts containing secondary metabolites offer a diverse range of chemical structures and biological activities, making them valuable resources for pharmaceutical applications. In ruminant farming, these secondary compounds have been utilized as alternatives to conventional drug treatments and for their potential to enhance productivity. The demand for and interest in plant secondary compounds have grown, driven by the goal of improving meat and milk quality and enhancing immunity against pathogenic diseases. Phenolic compounds, such as tannins, are among the major secondary metabolites used in farming systems. The effects of tannins on ruminal health vary depending on the animal species, ruminal pH, and the type and concentration of tannins employed. Tannins form complexes that are resistant to digestion and reduce the turnover rate in the rumen, allowing them to be eventually available in the intestine. This improves protein digestion efficiency and enhances animal health. Additionally, tannins have anthelmintic effects on larval motility, offering benefits in managing internal parasites. Tannins also influence lipid metabolism in ruminants. Depending on the biohydrogenation steps, microbial species, and the animal's physiology, tannins can increase the presence of beneficial fatty acids, such as linolenic acid, vaccenic acid, and rumenic acid, in meat and milk. Saponins, another group of secondary compounds, exhibit a wide range of biological effects, including hypocholesterolemia, hypolipidemic properties, immune stimulation, anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant effects, neurohepatoprotective properties, anticarcinogenic activity, and antifungal effects. Saponins have been associated with inhibiting dental caries and platelet aggregation. However, it's important to note that certain types of saponins can form
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