ARTICLE 64 FEED & ADDITIVE MAGAZINE June 2023 These probiotics are known for their durability and longer shelf life, and can improve digestion, boost the immune system, and promote a healthy gut microbiome. Unlike some other types of probiotics, soil-based probiotics do not require refrigeration. Various products are available to enhance beneficial chemical and biological processes and improve soil quality, such as living bacterial cultures, enzyme preparations, plant extracts, and other mixtures. While there is no evidence to support the claim that these products improve soil quality, they are considered safe for the aquaculture industry and do not pose a risk to workers or the surrounding environment, nor do they affect the quality of aquaculture products. The commercial soil probiotic 'Super-PS' is composed of a combination of Rhodobacter and Rhodococcus species and is used to enhance water and soil quality and control bacterial infections. Rhodobacter and Rhodococcus species in Super-PS are live microbial cells that, when consumed in sufficient quantities, positively impact the health and growth of the host by improving the balance of intestinal microflora. This soil probiotic is utilized to enhance the pond bottom condition, diminish harmful bacteria, and maintain a favorable environment for aquaculture. It contains primarily 109 CFU mL−1 of Rhodobacter and Rhodococcus species. Rhodococcus is obtained through the process of bioconversion, which involves using biological systems to transform inexpensive starting materials into more valuable compounds. On the other hand, Rhodobacter is a type of gram-negative bacteria that can be found in various environments, such as freshwater, marine, and hypersaline habitats. It possesses a broad range of metabolic abilities, including photosynthesis, lithotrophy, and both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Additionally, Rhodobacter can fix nitrogen, which enables it to thrive in diverse habitats. Commonly used soil-based species as probiotics: The following are among the most frequently utilized soil-based microorganisms: • Bacillus coagulans • Bacillus subtilis • Bacillus clausii • Bacillus licheniformis • Clostridium butyricum Dosages and application of soil probiotics: In the process of preparing the pond, after removing the sediments, it is recommended to spray 50100 liters of soil probiotics per hectare over the soil to promote the utilization of organic matter and establishment of a beneficial bacterial community. The amount of soil probiotics to be applied per hectare ranges from 10 to 20 liters, and may vary
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