ARTICLE FEED & ADDITIVE MAGAZINE June 2023 63 competitive processes is gaining popularity as a more effective approach than the use of antibiotics for pathogen control. Probiotics typically comprise microbiota such as Lactobacillus, Bacillus, Nitrobacter, Nitrosomonas, Photosynthetic bacteria, Rhodobacter, and Yeast, among others, which are applied to enhance the properties of the host's indigenous microflora. This results in improved animal health by reducing the population density of pathogens and by promoting major rapid degradation of organic waste matter, thus improving water quality. PROBIOTICS Probiotics are increasingly recognized as a critical input for the future of aquaculture. In aquaculture probiotics are increasingly utilized to enhance pond soil and water quality, promote survival, and boost the growth of cultured species. Probiotic products are diverse and can be of microbial or botanical origin and comprises of bacteria, cyanobacteria, microalgae, fungi, and others. Those used to enhance bottom soil and water quality typically consist of cultures of living bacteria, enzyme preparations, or a combination of the two. Probiotic bacteria, which improve water quality and inhibit pathogens, are often referred to as "probiotics," "probionts," "probiotic bacteria," or "beneficial bacteria." The term "probiotics" derives from the Greek words "pro" and "bios," which refer to beneficial microbes. Although live microbes have long been believed to be effective as probiotics, recent studies have confirmed the immunostimulatory role of inactivated bacteria in fish. Therefore, probiotics may consist not only of living bacterial cells but also metabolites and peptides derived from bacteria or dead cells that ultimately impart beneficial effects on the host animal. Based on their components, probiotics may be categorized into different subgroups or categories. Many microbiologists endorse the use of probiotics to improve soil and water quality. WHAT ARE SOIL-BASED ORGANISMS (SBOS)? Soil-based organisms refer to a group of more than 100 microbial species that are typically present in soil, and some of these have been identified and utilized as probiotics. The majority of SBOs used in soil-based probiotics are capable of forming spores, which are protected by a tough outer layer, allowing them to resist heat and acid during replication. SOIL PROBIOTICS Soil-based probiotics are bacteria that occur naturally in the soil, with one of the most commonly used types of soil-based probiotics being bacillus, which has been used to ferment foods for centuries.
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