ISSUE FOCUS FEED & ADDITIVE MAGAZINE April 2023 25 rophages, monocytes, and endothelial cells. Consequently, high amounts of cellular mediators like TNFα, Interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6, and leukotrienes are released. High levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines activate the complement and coagulation cascade. In some animals, then the production of prostaglandins and leukotrienes is stimulated, implicating high fever, decreased blood pressure, generation of thrombi in the blood, collapse, damaging several organs, and lethal (endotoxic) shock. Endotoxic shock only occurs to a few susceptible animals, although the whole herd may have been immune-stimulated. A more severe problem is the decrease in the normally strong piglets’ performance, deviating resources from production to the immune system because of the endotoxemia. Amplified diarrhea Lipopolysaccharides lead to an augmented release of prostaglandins, which influence gastrointestinal functions. Together with leukotrienes and pro-inflammatory mediators within the mucosa, they reduce intestinal absorption (Munck et al., 1988; Chiossone et al., 1990) but also initiate a pro-secretory state in the intestine. Liang and co-workers (2005) observed a dose-dependent accumulation of abundant fluid in the small intestine resulting in increased diarrheagenic activity and a decreased gastrointestinal motility in rats. CONCLUSION Acting against Gram- bacteria can result in an even more severe issue – endotoxemia. Endotoxins, besides having a direct negative impact on the organism, also contribute to some diseases. Supporting gut health by different approaches, including the binding of toxins, helps to keep animals healthy. References 1. Andersen, P.H. “Bovine endotoxicosis – some aspects of relevance to production diseases. A review.” Acta vet. scand. Suppl. 98 (2003): 141-155. DOI: 10.1186/1751-014744-S1-P57 2. Andersen, P.H., N. Jarløv, M. Hesselholt, and L. Bæk. “Studies on in vivo Endotoxin Plasma Disappearance Times in Cattle.” Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin. Reihe A 43 no. 2(1996): 93-101. DOI: 10.1111/j.14390442.1996.tb00432.x 3. Baker, B., S.L. Gaffin, M. Wells, B.C. Wessels and J.G. Brock-Utne. “Endotoxaemia in racehorses following exertion.” Journal of the South African Veterinary Association June (1988): 63-66. https://journals.co.za/ docserver/fulltext/savet/59/2/1341.pdf?expires=1598 542211&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=E50C766D318776E09CA41DA912F14CAD 4. Beutler, B. and T. Rietschel. “Innate immune sensing and its roots: The story of endotoxin.” Nature Reviews / Immunology 3(2003): 169-176. DOI: 10.1038/nri1004 5. Brandenburg, K. “Kleines Molekül – große Hoffnung - Neue Behandlungsmöglichkeit gegen Blutvergiftung in Sicht.“ Newsletter 70 (Okt.); Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (2014). https://www.gesundheitsforschung-bmbf.de/de/kleines-molekul-grosse-hoffnung-neue-behandlungsmoglichkeit-gegen-blutvergiftung-in-sicht-2716.php 6. Braun-Fahrländer, C., J. Riedler, U. Herz, W. Eder, M. Waser, L. Grize, S. Maisch, D. Carr, F. Gerlach, A. Bufe, R.P. Lauener, R. Schierl, H. Renz, D. Nowak and E. von Mutius. „Environmental exposure to endotoxin and its relation to asthma in school-age children. ”The New England Journal of Medicine 347 (2002): 869-877. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa020057. 7. Brock-Utne, J.G., S.L. Gaffin, M.T. Wells, P. Gathiram, E. Sohar, M.F. James, D.F. Morrel, and. R.J. Norman. “Endotoxemia in exhausted runners after a long-distance race.” South Afr. Med. J. 73 (1988): 533-536. https:// www.researchgate.net/publication/19780279_Endotoxaemia_in_exhausted_runners_after_a_long-distance_race 8. Chiossone, D. C., P.L. Simon, P.L. Smith. “Interleukin-1: effects on rabbit ileal mucosal ion transport in vitro.” European Journal of Pharmacology 180 no. 2-3 (1990): 217–228. DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(90)90305-P. 9. Deopurkar R., H. Ghanim, J. Friedman, et al. “Differential effects of cream, glucose, and orange juice on inflammation, endotoxin, and the expression of Toll-like receptor-4 and suppressor of cytokine signaling-3.” Diabetes care 33 no. 5 (2010):991–997. 10. Erridge, C., E. Bennett-Guerrero, and I.R. Poxton. “Structure and function of lipopolysaccharides.” Microbes and Infection 4 no. 8 (2002): 837-851. DOI: 10.1016/
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MTUxNjkxNQ==