April 2023 Year: 3 - Issue: 27 Dr. Inge Heinzl, EW Nutrition Are endotoxins behind your low livestock productivity? Clement Soulet, Cargill Mycotoxin risk and mitigation measures Marie-Valentine Glica, Lallemand Ensuring calves immunity, role of gut maturation and nutrition www.feedandadditive.com Mycotoxin Risk Status and Mycotoxin Management Ways and Importance of Supporting Immune Development in Animals
We are here with you again with full of contents. The first is mycotoxin management which is one of the most interesting and focused topics of this issue. Mycotoxins have a significant impact on animal health and performance. In addition, they also indirectly pose a risk to human health due to animal-derived foods. For these reasons, it is carefully considered in the animal nutrition industry. Mycotoxins, which arise due to the formation of fungi and molds, are primarily formed in cereals, which are basic feed ingredients, due to inappropriate conditions of storage and transportation. Mycotoxin formation, which is affected by a number of factors such as moisture content, ambient temperature and ventilation, can occur in finished mixed feed as well as feed ingredients, and may extend to different phases of animal production in later stages. The follow-up of this process, which means 'toxic effect' for animal and human health, usually starts with the harvest and continues until animal food production. Considering that the start of the harvest season in the northern hemisphere is a short time away, it may be the right time to draw attention to mycotoxins in feed and feed ingredients and to address mycotoxin management. We believe that the articles prepared by our esteemed sector representatives in the light of their research, experience and knowledge on the subject will guide the readers beneficially. Another topic we cover in this issue is immunity. Protecting the health, therefore performance and welfare of animals, is an issue that should be emphasized for the profitability and sustainability of a commercial enterprise. Because treating a sick animal and compensating for the loss of production performance is definitely considered a loss. Both the need for the use of medical drugs such as antibiotics, which are no longer undesirable for treatment, and the decrease in production during the disease or not being considered as human food because it poses a risk due to the disease. However, supporting immunity adequately can greatly reduce the occurrence of the disease and its associated risks. You can find different perspectives and solutions on immunity in animals and ways to increase immunity in this issue. Dear readers, it is always more economical to prevent the emergence of risky situations than to deal with them after they arise. And of course, it's safer. Especially when it comes to human and animal health… We hope this will be helpful and interesting issue that you can read with pleasure. Hope to meet you in the next issue… Publisher Muhammed Akatay [email protected] Responsible Manager Özlem Buyruk Akatay [email protected] Editor-in-Chief Derya Yıldız [email protected] Editors Bahadır Büyükkılıç Burak Varol [email protected] Design Alper Kandemir [email protected] Web Design Caner Cem Pulat [email protected] Proofreading Lisa Atakul [email protected] Circulation and Data Responsible Amine Şengün [email protected] Ataturk St. Metropol Istanbul Ste. Block C1, No:376 Atasehir, Istanbul/TURKEY Phone: +90 850 220 5064 E-Mail: [email protected] Web: www.feedandadditive.com Publication Type: Periodic (Monthly) EDITOR Avoiding risks before they occur Derya YILDIZ © Three Plus Media | All rights reserved. Reproduction, in whole or in part, is prohibited without the written permission of the publisher. *DISCLAIMER: All views and ideas expressed in articles published in the magazine reflect the point of views of the author(s), not that of the Editor-in-Chief, Editors, Editorial Board or Publisher of Feed & Additive Magazine. The Editor-in-Chief, Editors, Editorial Board and Publisher assume no responsibility or liability in such cases. The publisher does not give any warranty and representation to the accuracy or completeness of the contents and data published in the magazine. All responsibility of the contents, articles and information published in the magazine belongs to the authors. The publisher and the authors cannot be held responsible for any damages resulting from the use of the whole or part of the content of the magazine. feedandadditive Dear Readers,
When it comes to mycotoxin exposure always use the correct tool for the job Selko’s mycotoxin risk management programme gives you the right tools to make decisions based on knowledge and data and allows you to apply mycotoxin control products more precisely. THE BENEFITS MYCOTOXIN RISK MANAGEMENT Bind and eliminate mycotoxins Strengthen intestinal barriers Modulate immune response Learn more, visit www.selko.com
CON T E N T S 18 ISSUE FOCUS 28 Endotoxin Stress - HOW TO MINIMIZE THE RISK FOR YOUR ANIMALS Dr. Cornelia Becker, Biochem 36 HOW TO GO FURTHER TO LIMIT MYCOTOXINS ADVERSE EFFECTS ON ANIMALS? Dr. Clarisse Techer & Anne-Laure Tournay, MiXscience, Avril Group 48 UNRAVELLING A MYSTERY OF SINS AND ITS TIE TO ENDOTOXINS Josep Garcia-Sirera, Agrimprove 52 MYCOTOXIN SCREENING: THE KEY TO MYCOTOXIN MANAGEMENT Dr. Liberty Sibanda, Randox Food Diagnostics Ltd. 56 MYCOTOXIN RISK AND MITIGATION MEASURES Clement Soulet, Cargill 20 ARE ENDOTOXINS BEHIND YOUR LOW LIVESTOCK PRODUCTIVITY? Dr. Inge Heinzl, EW Nutrition 32 CHOOSING THE RIGHT MYCOTOXIN TEST FOR YOUR BUSINESS Martin Minchin, Alltech 42 CAN MYCOTOXINS FORCE AN UPPER LIMIT OF CORN USAGE IN ANIMAL FEEDS? Dr. Swamy Haladi, DVM., PhD, Selko Feed Additives & Avinash Bhat, Masterlab MYCOTOXIN RISK STATUS AND MYCOTOXIN MANAGEMENT
CON T E N T S SPECIAL STORY ARTICLES Alltech publishes white paper comparing selenium sources 8 Vilomix acquires majority shareholding in Brazilian premix company 11 Yemmak launches Platinum PT 1200 model pellet press 90 BASF and Cargill expand their partnership to South Korea 12 Evonik strengthens competitiveness of its animal nutrition business 93 IFF introduces new animal nutrition solution for piglets 16 Nutrition Technologies exports insect meal and oil to EU and UK 88 NEWS REPORTS GLOBAL POULTRY FEED MARKET 82 65 SUPPORTING IMMUNE DEVELOPMENT IN PRODUCTION ANIMALS Caroline Chylinski & Catherine Ionescu, ADM Animal Nutrition 72 ESSENTIAL OILS: A MULTIFUNCTIONAL SUPPORT IN ANIMAL'S IMMUNE DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE Dr. Christiane Axmann, Ph.D., XVET GmbH Germany 68 CHICKEN PROTEIN HYDROLYSATES: AN ALTERNATIVE FOR ANIMAL NUTRITION By BRF Ingredients 60 ENSURING CALVES IMMUNITY, ROLE OF GUT MATURATION AND NUTRITION Marie-Valentine Glica, Lallemand Animal Nutrition 76 IDEAL PROTEIN CONCEPT IN POULTRY AND PIGS Shivangi Singh, NDVSU & Mohit Bharadwaj, GBPUAT Ways and Importance of Supporting Immune Development in Animals
NEWS 6 FEED & ADDITIVE MAGAZINE April 2023 Trouw Nutrition announced the launch of MyFeedPrint, an online environmental footprint service for animal feed products. The service is designed to allow farmers, feed producers, and integrators to quantify the environmental footprint of animal feed, providing transparency on the environmental impact of the livestock value chain. Trouw Nutrition’s easy-to-use solution represents an essential step forward in creating a more sustainable future for animal nutrition, allowing feed producers to remain competitive by developing more environmentally optimized products and giving end consumers insights into the environmental footprint of their food. Feed producers, farmers, and integrators in the livestock industry are facing increased demand for environmentally optimized products and solutions from consumers and regulatory bodies around the world. As such, it has never been more important to accurately report on the environmental footprint of products. Trouw Nutrition launches online environmental footprint service MyFeedPrint Dr. Eckel Animal Nutrition launched its innovative anti-stress additive, MagPhyt WS. The new additive obtained from the combination of magnesium and plant extracts reduces the stress via drinking water. At VIV Asia, Dr. Eckel Animal Nutrition presented their latest innovation, the water-soluble anti-stress product MagPhyt WS. Designed specifically for drinking systems and therefore of particular interest to poultry producers, MagPhyt WS promises rapid stress reduction and improved resilience thanks to a combination of selected plant extracts, highly bioavailable magnesium sources, and vitamin C. According to the company’s statement, in stressful and challenging times, producers need immediate relief to calm their animals and prevent stress symptoms from spreading. There is usually no time for a feed change: the solution comes through the drinking water. For MagPhyt WS, the German manufacturer relies on two particularly valuable magnesium sources: Mg-Citrate and Mg-Glycinate. On top of that, there are vitamin C and selected plant extracts. Thanks to the interdisciplinary development work, the Dr. Eckel team succeeded in combining the various ingredients in a complex with residue-free solubility. As a fine powder, MagPhyt WS is added directly to the water tank, dissolves immediately, and distributes evenly in the water. There is no need to change the feed. The company team said that this is also confirmed by the company’s initial practical experience with selected turkey and chicken farms. MagPhyt WS is now available on the European market, in numerous Asian countries, and in other regions. Read more>> Dr. Eckel presents innovative anti-stress additive
NEWS FEED & ADDITIVE MAGAZINE April 2023 7 The streamlined digital service MyFeedPrint, which is integrated into the NutriOpt digital platform, represents a key step forward for transparency in the livestock value chain. In line with Trouw Nutrition’s purpose, Feeding the Future, this service enables environmental assessments for animal feed products, analyzing the impact of each ingredient and the processes included in creating every tonne of feed. MyFeedPrint will allow feed producers to uncover their environmental hotspots and prioritize the lowest-impact strategies to ensure their operations can continue to run profitably and sustainably. Based on the results of the MyFeedPrint analysis, producers can calculate more environmentally conscious choices to enhance their products and make informed decisions about how to achieve lower-impact solutions. This will help users remain competitive in an increasingly environmentally aware marketplace. The MyFeedPrint service does not require specialist knowledge of life cycle assessments (LCAs), making it accessible to all. Read more>> Evonik is expanding its capacity to produce MetAMINO® (DL-methionine) on Jurong Island, Singapore, by 40,000 metric tons to around 340,000 metric tons per year. The high double-digit million euro investment in this further technological development is to reach target capacity by the third quarter of 2024. The planned process optimization measures will improve the carbon footprint of MetAMINO® produced in Singapore by six percent. “Increasing capacity for MetAMINO® production in Singapore is another important step in the consistent implementation of our global methionine asset strategy, further improving supply security for our customers in Asia,” said Dr. Gaetano Blanda, head of the Animal Nutrition business line. “In the face of fragile supply chains, our strategy of producing MetAMINO® in three different regions of the world has proven its value to our customers.” At the core of the methionine strategy are the three production hubs in Singapore, Mobile (Alabama, USA), and Antwerp (Belgium). All three of Evonik’s world-scale plants are based on best-in-class technologies and are designed to grow with the expanding global market through modular expansions. Evonik’s methionine plants in Singapore, which came on stream in 2014 and 2019, were already the largest production complex for DL-methionine in the world, with an annual capacity of around 300,000 metric tons of MetAMINO®. Read more>> Evonik expands production capacity for DL-methionine in Singapore
NEWS 8 FEED & ADDITIVE MAGAZINE April 2023 Alltech, backed by more than 40 years of scientific research, announced that a new white paper, entitled “Organic selenium: A comparison of form, source and function” prepared by Dr. Richard Murphy, director of research has been published. The new white paper focuses on the varying stabilities of the different selenium sources currently on the market. It follows up on Dr. Murphy’s 2021 white paper release entitled “Organic trace minerals: Enhancing mineral bioavailability through chelation” which explored improved bioavailability with organic trace minerals (OTMs). “Organic selenium has been found to be a more effective source (than inorganic selenium products), resulting in an increased number of live young per animal, the stimulation of immune function, overall improvements in animal health, and an enhanced shelf life for meat, milk, and eggs,” said Dr. Murphy. “Peer-reviewed research has clearly shown that dietary intervention with organic selenium results in significantly enhanced production and health benefits for all species.” The numerous selenium sources available on the market today vary greatly in terms of their stability and shelf-life when included in premix and feed. Read more>> At the latest Smart Calf Rearing Conference in Kaiserslautern, Germany, the Lallemand Animal Nutrition team shared a study about the benefits of the specific yeast fractions combination YANG in rearing dairy calves during the pre-weaning period. Overall, growth performance and the health status of the neonates were improved, leading to a significant reduction of veterinary treatments. Clothilde Villot, Research Scientist with Lallemand Animal Nutrition, who presented the study explains: “High morbidity and mortality rates of calves during the pre-weaning period dramatically impact the sustainability of farms. The objective of this trial, conducted in partnership with University of Lublin, was to evaluate the efficacy of our specific association of yeast fractions (YANG) to support calf growth and health status in the pre-weaning period. The study showed improvement of the overall health and early growth of preweaned calves when they received YANG in milk replacer. Consequently, less therapeutic treatments were needed. These benefits could be explained by an enrichment of the beneficial gut microbiota of supplemented calves.” These benefits of the specific association of yeast fractions can be linked to its effects at the microbiota level. When the researchers looked at the calves’ fecal microbiota they found an increase in beneficial bacteria populations such as milk-associated bacteria Bifidobacteria or Lactobacillus and Akkermansia, which is associated with the stimulation of mucine production and immune system regulation. This could positively influence milk metabolism and reinforce the calves’ natural defenses. Read more>> Lallemand shares benefits of YANG on dairy calf microbiota and welfare Alltech publishes white paper comparing selenium sources
NEWS FEED & ADDITIVE MAGAZINE April 2023 9 A Complete Perspective. Perfected for Progress. What if a new perspective on protease could change your poultry business for the better Optimal pH profile High gastric stability and high in vivo performance Minimise Emissions Improved performance for lower environmental impact and better animal welfare Digital Services Catalogue for full potential For maximum convenience and peace of mind through better decision making Pelleting stability Recovery throughout the complete feed manufacturing process is excellent A product that goes beyond the parameters of protease, ProAct 360TM provides a complete solution with the potential to grow your business further. Proven to increase protein digestibility and gastrointestinal integrity in broilers, ProAct 360TM promotes better animal health and supports more sustainable production. A catalyst for positive change, this results in reduced feed costs and increased return on investment. For longer term planning, we provide interconnected digital services that allow you to reach your targets by supporting better decision-making. A 360 degree perspective like never before. ProAct 360TM is the new market-standard in Feed Protease Technology. Discover all product benefits online or speak to your DSM Sales Representative. If not us, who? If not now, when? WE MAKE IT POSSIBLE ProAct 360TM Maximised amino acids digestibility Improving protein digestibility and gastrointestinal integrity Lower feed cost Affordable inclusion costs and improved ROI Follow us on: www.dsm.com/anh
NEWS 10 FEED & ADDITIVE MAGAZINE April 2023 Entobel expands its operations in Vietnam Entobel, one of the leading global insect-based ingredient producers, partnered with the International Finance Corporation (IFC) to scale up its operations in Vietnam. As part of a long-term collaboration agreement that includes early-stage project development support, IFC will support Entobel’s expansion in Vietnam and the region. Based in Singapore, Entobel is one of the very few players already producing insect ingredients at a commercial scale from the Black Soldier Fly-a species that provides a great source of protein-with applications in high-quality aquafeed and pet food. Entobel is currently building Asia’s largest insect plant to date in Vung Tau province, Vietnam, which will supply 10,000 metric tons of insect meal annually to local and international aquafeed and pet food-producing customers. The construction is on schedule and the first commercial sales are expected later this year. The main product of Entobel is insect meal, which is used, among other applications, as a sustainable alternative to fishmeal in the aquaculture industry. “We are impressed by Entobel’s operations in this innovative industry, which can provide a sustainable high-protein alternative to wild-caught fish used in aquafeed,” said Thomas Jacobs, IFC Country Manager for Vietnam, Cambodia, and Lao PDR. Read more>> Royal DSM, a global purpose-led science-based company, launched new technology, Digital SalmoFan™, to accurately measure fillet colour throughout the entire value chain. The Digital SalmoFan™ is a portable and user-friendly device measuring the colour of salmon fillet according to a numeric scoring system. This innovation builds upon the DSM SalmoFan™ and SalmoFan™ Lineal – used today throughout the global salmon industry to measure fillet colour— and brings globally accepted standard colour metrics into the digital era. The Digital SalmoFan™, which will be available to companies globally across the salmon industry value chain, from feed producers, farmers, to processors, and retailers, further highlights DSM commitment as the industry leader in colour measurement tools. According to the company’s statement, innovative features of the Digital SalmoFan™ include: Portable, compact and easy to use. Fillet colour can be measured consistently anywhere, without any light interference. Objective and accurate: measurements strongly correlated to, and expressed as, a SalmoFan™ score – the globally accepted standard colour metric. Once connected with smartphones and tablets via Bluetooth, the Digital SalmoFan™ is simply placed on a sample fillet and ready to scan. A SalmoFan™ score appears on the screen. The Digital SalmoFan™ app is an efficient way to gather, store and share the data collected from colour measurements. Data are captured in standard spreadsheets for easy export into larger databases. Read more>> DSM launches Digital SalmoFan™ color measurement tool
NEWS FEED & ADDITIVE MAGAZINE April 2023 11 Nestlé and Cargill team up with for the largest regenerative ranching initiative Vilomix acquires majority shareholding in Brazilian premix company Nestlé, the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation (NFWF), and Cargill have come together to help scale the adoption of voluntary conservation practices that help fight climate change. Through this work, the companies will support vital habitat for native wildlife, while also sustaining a robust beef supply chain. In one of the largest corporate commitments to regenerative ranching in the U.S. to date, two of the world’s largest food companies will invest a combined $15 million. This commitment will leverage up to $15 million in federal funds, leading to the activation of up to $30 million in grant funding over the next five years. This partnership will bring together private landowners and local conservation organizations to support voluntary land management practices, improve water management, and restore wildlife habitats. The work helps generate carbon benefits across more than 15 states, including areas in the Great Plains, Mountain West, Midwest and Southeastern portions of the U.S. The first set of NFWF-awarded grants made possible with this new partnership are expected to be announced in April 2023. Farmers and ranchers will then directly benefit from these funds by receiving technical and financial support to implement regenerative practices on their lands. The collaborative efforts of this partnership will serve as an action-based roadmap for sustainability leaders who are invested in creating positive impact in their supply chains but may not know where to start. Read more>> The Danish premix company Vilomix (owned by Danish Agro, Agravis and Vestjyllands Andel) closed an agreement to acquire 75% of the Brazilian premix and minerals company Vitamix Nutrição Animal, which owns factories in Brazil and also in Paraguay. Vitamix Nutrição Animal was founded in 1998 and is headquartered in Chapecó in the state of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil, where a large part of the animal production in the country is concentrated. In addition, the company has a premix and mineral plant in Naranjal, Paraguay. CEO of Vilomix, Peter Iversen, sees great prospects in the acquisition which will be a stepstone to the South American market. “I am delighted with the deal, which fits perfectly with our strategy to become an even more global player. We see clear synergies between Vitamix and Vilomix and together we have great potential in the sales of feed additives and customized premix solutions. At the same time, we believe that our strength and expertise in genetics in Denmark can help strengthen Vitamix’s position in both Brazil and Paraguay,” said Peter Iversen. Read more>>
NEWS 12 FEED & ADDITIVE MAGAZINE April 2023 In recognition of the major threat that the highly-infectious bacterial disease Lactococcosis poses to aquaculture in terms of mortalities and production loss, aquafeed producer Skretting Italy and biotech pharmaceutical company HIPRA come together in a new partnership to provide trout farmers with a practical and sustainable solution package that is focused on limiting its impact. The new Skretting-HIPRA collaboration follows a workshop that addressed Lactococcosis management in trout production which the two companies jointly hosted at the Aquafarm 2023 exhibition in Pordenone, Italy (15-16 February 2023). To accelerate initiatives that reduce aquaculture’s reliance on antibiotics through best-practice and proactive health, the partners’ industry-first solution combines Skretting’s functional diets Optiline HT and ProtecTM with HIPRA’s Icthiovac LG vaccine into one collective approach. “This disease is the industry’s number one threat, and it is becoming more and more problematic. However, through our commitment to responsible, progressive aquaculture Skretting and HIPRA are working together to establish a clear pathway that benefits trout farmers – utilizing our knowledge, experience, and innovation to improve the health and productivity of farms throughout Italy and beyond,” said Umberto Luzzana, Marketing Manager at Skretting Italy. To further help producers, the Skretting-HIPRA partnership is producing a vaccination checklist that includes recommendations for best-practice as well as social media content. Read more>> Skretting and HIPRA combine expertise to tackle devasting trout disease BASF and Cargill (Provimi) expanded their partnership, adding South Korea, the first Asian nation, to their existing feed enzymes development and distribution agreement. Together, the two companies are committed to bringing innovative enzyme-based solutions to the market, generating distinctive value for animal feed customers. By combining the enzyme research and development strengths of BASF with Cargill’s know-how in application and broad market reach, the partners will form a joint innovation pipeline for animal protein producers. In fact, South Korea is the first market to launch Enzae® Manno, made with Natupulse® TS, a preparation of mannanase, produced by BASF’s new production strain Thermothelomyces thermophilus. With the expanded geographical reach, BASF and Cargill (Provimi) aim to bring the voice and commercial insights of South Korean protein producers to craft the next generation of enzymes jointly. Through this next stage of collaboration, the partners strive to deliver even more solutions that address productivity, sustainability, and cost challenges for South Korean customers. In 2021, BASF and Cargill (Provimi) moved the relationship beyond pure distribution agreements into the joint development of new enzyme technologies and applications. Read more>> BASF and Cargill expand their partnership to South Korea
NEWS FEED & ADDITIVE MAGAZINE April 2023 13 Eight private-sector organizations adopt antimicrobial use stewardship principles The International Poultry Council (IPC) announced eight private-sector organizations have recognized the importance of responsible antimicrobial use and are endorsing the council’s antimicrobial use stewardship principles. Advanced within Transformational Strategies for Farm Output Risk Mitigation (Transform), a USAID-funded activity led by Cargill, the principles guide poultry farmer actions to avoid the need for use of antimicrobials, yet when needed, ensure they are used according to stewardship principles. These international leaders, representing over 15% percent of the global broiler production, include six associations and two companies, and together they represent a collective effort in reducing reliance on antimicrobials globally. These organizations are recognized as leaders in adopting antimicrobial use stewardship principles and serve as an example for others that want to make a tangible impact on global health security. “Critical actions for addressing antimicrobial use start at the farm,” said Robin Horel, IPC president. “We commend these organizations for acknowledging the importance of intentional antimicrobial use not only for the benefit of animals but for the impact on human health by reducing the risk of resistant pathogens spreading around the world.” Read more>>
NEWS 14 FEED & ADDITIVE MAGAZINE April 2023 Corteva and Bunge develop amino acid-enhanced soybeans for feed industry Corteva Agriscience and Bunge announced significant advancements in the development of more nutritious soybean meals for the animal feed industry, specifically suited for poultry, swine, and aqua feed. The companies will have a multi-year collaboration to develop and commercialize soybean varieties that can create a potential new value stream opportunity for soybean farmers while giving feed compounders a new option to reduce their use of synthetic additives, lower costs, and shrink their carbon footprint Through this collaboration, Corteva is leveraging its expertise in germplasm, gene editing, and traits discovery to develop soybean varieties with greater protein content, optimized amino acid profiles, and lower levels of anti-nutritional factors. Early field trial research has confirmed Corteva’s approach to boosting protein levels and significantly increasing the proportion of the key amino acids, methionine and lysine in the soybean while maintaining the high field and oil yields. Globally, sales of synthetic methionine and lysine for feed applications exceed $10 billion annually, and the market is expected to grow with underlying animal protein demand. Read more>> US pet food brands Natural Balance and Canidae to combine Natural Balance, a leading premium specialty pet food brand, and Canidae, a premium, sustainable pet food company, entered into a definitive merger agreement to combine. The combination unites two renowned specialty pet food brands with complementary yet differentiated offerings to drive innovation and growth for the benefit of pet parents everywhere. Terms of the transaction were not disclosed. For more than 30 years, Natural Balance has offered premium products with high-quality, protein-forward ingredients spanning dog food, cat food, and treats. Similarly, since its founding 25 years ago, Canidae has a rich history in the pet food space, offering both dog and cat food products with a focus on goodness for pets and the planet through regenerative agriculture and sustainable operations. The combination will leverage both companies’ shared passion for improving the well-being and lives of pets through simple nutrition, responsibly sourced ingredients, and protein-rich products. The combined company’s flagship offerings will include Canidae’s Pure, Goodness, and All Life Stages, as well as Natural Balance’s Limited Ingredient (LI) and Original Ultra product lines. As part of the transaction, L Catterton, a leading global consumer-focused investment firm and majority shareholder of Canidae, and Nexus Capital Management, an alternative asset investment company and majority shareholder of Natural Balance, are each contributing new growth capital to support the successful integration and strategic long-term expansion of the combined company. Read more>>
NEWS FEED & ADDITIVE MAGAZINE April 2023 15
NEWS 16 FEED & ADDITIVE MAGAZINE April 2023 Danisco Animal Nutrition & Health, a business unit of IFF, announced the launch of Axtra® PRIME, an optimized enzyme blend designed to address key challenges in piglet production. According to the company statement this highly effective feed solution, now available in the US, improves nutrient digestion, enhances gut health, and delivers measurable performance results. Targeted nutrition from an early age is essential for successful swine production, but several issues can disrupt feed strategies and adversely affect performance during this critical time. Stress during weaning can reduce feed intake and increase susceptibility to diarrhea. At the same time, diet changes and the use of cheaper ingredients often introduce more variability and higher fiber into the diet. This can negatively impact nutrient digestibility and animal performance. “Axtra® PRIME is specifically formulated to mitigate these risks by targeting key digestibility challenges,” said Madhukar Kulkarni, global segment manager, swine, Danisco Animal Nutrition & Health, IFF. “By improving nutrient digestion and feed utilization, it helps to create a favourable nutribiotic state in the gut of the piglet, thereby minimizing susceptibility to disturbances in the gut and maximizing overall performance.” Read more>> IFF introduces new animal nutrition solution for piglets Volac focuses on net zero with its new feed additives division UK-based Volac launched its new feed additives division as it intensifies its focus on supporting the global animal feed industry to meet the net zero challenge. Head of Animal Nutrition Marketing and Sustainability, Sarah Banks, explained that the company’s goal is to help the international feed industry advance efficiency. “This new Volac division will provide a platform for new product development, which will focus on improving rumen microbial fermentation, efficient livestock production, and reducing emissions – allowing for greater alignment with future industry challenges. Our priority remains firmly focused on providing technical advice, innovative products, and added value services that enable the feed industry to improve livestock farming efficiency and sustainability,” said Banks. “We now provide valuable scientific solutions for mycotoxin risk management, as well as pre and probiotic yeasts, plus some exciting new products coming to the market, including phytogenic. These products will support good animal health, resilience, and productivity in the ruminant and monogastric sectors, ultimately bringing improved profitability and sustainability to the feed industry,” said O’Sullivan. Read more>>
NEWS FEED & ADDITIVE MAGAZINE April 2023 17 Protecting feed ingredients from farm to feed www.anitox.com/feed-ingredients Nordic Halibut announced that it signed a three-year contract with halibut feed supplier Skretting. The agreed collaboration ensures stability and predictability for feed supply to cover the company’s growth plan phase 1 of 4.500 tonnes of HOG production in 2026. Nordic Halibut has worked closely with Skretting over several years to develop sustainable products with precise nutrition that are specialized for halibut. The two companies are currently working on the next generation of halibut feed. “We at Skretting are very happy about this long-term collaboration with Nordic Halibut. We have extensive experience with halibut feed, and now we will use our nutritional knowledge together with our extensive efforts for sustainability so that we can develop tomorrow’s halibut feed to be even more sustainable,” said Martin Davidsen, sales manager at Skretting Norway. Nordic Halibut strives to sustain a high level of performance in the company’s ESG areas and to establish ambitious ESG targets to maintain sustainable production and uplift local communities. Advantageously, the Skretting production facility is located at Averøy, near Nordic Halibut’s core production hub at Nordmøre contributing to minimizing supply risk and reducing the environmental impact of transportation. Read more>> Nordic Halibut and Skretting collaborate for halibut feed
ISSUE FOCUS 18 FEED & ADDITIVE MAGAZINE April 2023 MYCOTOXIN RISK STATUS AND MYCOTOXIN MANAGEMENT
ISSUE FOCUS FEED & ADDITIVE MAGAZINE April 2023 19 Are endotoxins behind your low livestock productivity? Dr. Inge Heinzl, EW Nutrition Endotoxin Stress - How to minimize the risk for your animals Dr. Cornelia Becker, Biochem Choosing the right mycotoxin test for your business Martin Minchin, Alltech How to go further to limit mycotoxins adverse effects on animals? Dr. Clarisse Techer & Anne-Laure Tournay, MiXscience, Avril Group Can mycotoxins force an upper limit of corn usage in animal feeds? Dr. Swamy Haladi, DVM., PhD, Selko Feed Additives Avinash Bhat, Masterlab Unravelling a mystery of sins and its tie to endotoxins Josep Garcia-Sirera, Agrimprove Mycotoxin screening: The key to mycotoxin management Dr. Liberty Sibanda, Randox Food Diagnostics Ltd. Mycotoxin risk and mitigation measures Clement Soulet, Cargill
ISSUE FOCUS 20 FEED & ADDITIVE MAGAZINE April 2023 Impaired health status of the animals in stressful situations or an aggravation of the disease after antibiotic treatment? The culprit might be endotoxins. WHAT ARE ENDOTOXINS? Origin: Endotoxins, together with exotoxins, are bacterial toxins. In contrast to exotoxins, which are actively secreted by living bacteria, endotoxins (name “endotoxin” greek; endo = inside; toxin = poison) are components of the outer cell membrane of gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, and cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). They are only released in case of - bacterial death due to effective host defense mechanism or activities of certain antibiotics - bacterial growth (shedding) (Todar, 2008-2012) “The precondition for endotoxins to be harmful is their presence in the bloodstream. In the bloodstream, low levels of endotoxins can still be handled by the immune defense, higher levels can get critical. An increase of endotoxins in the organism results from higher input and/or lower clearance or detoxification rate.” ARE ENDOTOXINS BEHIND YOUR LOW LIVESTOCK PRODUCTIVITY? Dr. Inge Heinzl Editor EW Nutrition Figure 1 :The location of endotoxins within the bacterial cell© Prof. Dr. med. Marina A. Freudenberg
ISSUE FOCUS FEED & ADDITIVE MAGAZINE April 2023 21 Structure: Biochemically, endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides (LPS). They are composed of a relatively uniform lipid fraction (Lipid A) and a species-specific polysaccharides chain. Their toxicity is mainly due to the lipid A; the polysaccharide part modifies their activity. Unlike the bacteria, their endotoxins are very heat stable and resist sterilization. The names endotoxin and lipopolysaccharides are used synonymously with “endotoxin” emphasizing on the occurrence and biological activity and “lipopolysaccharide” on the chemical structure (Hurley, 1995). Impact: Endotoxins belong to the so-called pyrogen-agents (they provoke fever), activating several immunocompetent cells’ signaling pathways. Early contact with endotoxins leads to activation and maturation of the acquired immune system. Braun-Fahrländer and co-workers (2002) found that children exposed to endotoxins had fewer problems with hay fever, atopic asthma, and atopic sensitization. This might be an explanation that in human populations, after the elevation of the hygiene standards, an increase of allergies could be observed. Different animal species show different sensibilities to endotoxin infusions, e.g. (healthy) dogs, rats, mice, hens tolerate concentrations ≥1mg / kg body weight, whereas (healthy) ruminants, pigs, horses react very sensible already at concentrations <5μg / kg body weight (Olson et al., 1995 cited in Wilken, 2003). REASONS FOR INCREASED EXPOSURE OF THE ORGANISM TO ENDOTOXINS Endotoxins usually occur in the gut, as the microflora also contains gram-negative bacteria. The precondition for endotoxins to be harmful is their presence in the bloodstream. In the bloodstream, low levels of endotoxins can still be handled by the immune defense, higher levels can get critical. An increase of endotoxins in the organism results from higher input and/or lower clearance or detoxification rate. Higher input of endotoxins into the organism The “normal” small amounts of endotoxins arising in the gut due to regular bacterial activity and translocated to the organism have no negative impact as long as the liver performs its clearance function. Also, the endotoxins stored in the adipose tisFigure 2 : General structure of Gram-negative lipopolysaccharides (according to Erridge et al., 2002)
ISSUE FOCUS 22 FEED & ADDITIVE MAGAZINE April 2023 sue are not problematic. However, some factors can lead to a release of the endotoxins or translocation of endotoxins into the organism: 1. Stress Stress situations such as parturition, surgeries, injuries can lead to ischemia in the intestinal tract and translocation of endotoxins into the organism (Krüger, 1997). Other stress situations in animal production, such as high temperatures and high stocking densities, contribute to higher endotoxin levels in the bloodstream. Stress leads to a higher metabolic demand for water, sodium, and energy-rich substances. For a higher availability of these substances, the intestinal barrier’s permeability is increased, possibly leading to a higher translocation of bacteria and their toxins into the bloodstream. Examples: - Higher levels of endotoxins in pigs in an experimental study suffering from stress due to loading and transport, elevated temperatures (Seidler (1998) cited in Wilken (2003)). - Marathon runners (Brock-Utne et al., 1988) and racing horses (Baker et al., 1988) also showed higher endotoxin concentrations in the blood proportional to the running stress; thus, trained horses showed lower concentrations than untrained. 2. Lipolysis for energy mobilization If endotoxins, due to continuous stress, consistently get into the bloodstream, they can be stored in the adipose tissue. The SR-B1 (Scavenger receptor B1, a membrane receptor belonging to the group of pattern recognition receptors) binds to lipids and the lipopolysaccharides, probably promoting the incorporation of LPS in chylomicrons. Transferred from the chylomicrons to other lipoproteins, the LPS finally arrives in the adipose tissue (Hersoug et al., 2016). The mobilization of energy by lipolysis e.g., during the beginning of lactation, for example, leads to a re-input of endotoxins into the bloodstream. 3. Damage of the gut barrier In normal conditions, due to bacterial activity, endotoxins are present in the gut. Damage of the gut barrier allows translocation of these endotoxins (and bacteria) into the bloodstream. 4. Destruction of Gram-negative bacteria Another “source” for endotoxins is the destruction of the bacteria. This can be done on the one hand by the organism’s immune system or by treatment with bactericidal substances targeting Gram- bacteria (Kastner, 2002). To prevent an increased release of endotoxins, in the case of Gram-negative bacteria, a treatment with bacteriostatic substances only inhibiting the growth and not destroying the bacteria, or with bactericidal in combination with LPS-binding agents, would be a better alternative (Brandenburg, 2014). 5. Proliferation of Gram-negative bacteria As gram-negative bacteria also release small amounts of endotoxins when they grow, everything promoting their proliferation also leads to an increase of endotoxins: Imbalanced feeding High yielder cows e.g., are fed diets rich in starch, fat, and protein. Increased feeding of fat leads to a higher concentration of endotoxins in the organism, as the same “transporter” (scavenger receptor class B type 1, SR-BI) can be used (Hersoug et al., 2016) for the absorption of fat as well as for the absorption of endotoxins. In a study with humans as representors of the monogastric species, Deopurkar and co-workers gave three different drinks (glucose – 100% carbohydrate, orange juice – 92% carbohydrate, and cream – 100% fat) to healthy participants. Only the cream drink increased the level of lipopolysaccharides in the plasma. Infectious diseases Infectious diseases like mastitis, metritis, and other infections caused by gram-bacteria such as E. coli, Salmonella, etc. can be regarded as sources of endotoxin release. Decreased detoxification or degradation Main responsible organ: the liver
ISSUE FOCUS FEED & ADDITIVE MAGAZINE April 2023 23 Task: detoxification and degradation of translocated endotoxin. The liver produces substances such as lipopolysaccharide binding proteins (LBP) which are necessary for binding and neutralizing lipopolysaccharide structures. During the post-partum period, the organism is in a catabolic phase, and lipolysis is remarkably increased for energy generation due to milk production. Increased lipolysis leads, as mentioned before, to a release of endotoxins out of the adipose tissue but also fatty degeneration of the liver. A fatty degenerated liver cannot bring the same performance in endotoxin clearance than a normal liver (Andersen, 2003; Andersen et al., 1996; Harte et al., 2010; Wilken, 2003). In a study conducted by Andersen and co-workers (1996), they couldn’t achieve complete clearance of endotoxins in cows with fatty livers. The occurrence of hepatic lipidoses increases after parturition (Reid and Roberts, 1993; Wilken, 2003). Also, other diseases of the liver influence endotoxin clearance in the liver. Hanslin and co-workers (2019) found an impaired endotoxin elimination in pigs with pre-existing systemic inflammatory response syndrome. ISSUES CAUSED BY ENDOTOXINS Endotoxins, on the one hand, can positively stimulate the immune system when occurring in small amounts (Sampath, 2018). According to McAleer and Vella (2008), lipopolysaccharides are used as natural adjuvants to strengthen immune reaction in case of vaccination by influencing CD4 T cell responses. On the other hand, they are involved in the development of severe issues like MMA-Complex (Pig Progress) or a septic shock (Sampath, 2018). MMA complex in sows MMA in sows is a multi-factorial disease appearing shortly after farrowing (12 hours to three days), which is caused by different factors (pathogens such as E. coli, Klebsiella spps., Staph. spps. and Mycoplasma spps., but also stress, diet). MMA is also known as puerperal syndrome, puerperal septicemia, milk fever, or toxemia. The last name suggests that one of the factors intervening in the disease is bacterial endotoxins. During the perinatal phase, Figure 3 : Relation between lipid metabolism and endotoxin metabolism (according to Fürll, 2000, cited in Wilken, 2003)
ISSUE FOCUS 24 FEED & ADDITIVE MAGAZINE April 2023 massive catabolism of fat takes place to support lactation. The sows often suffer from obstipation leading to higher permeability of the intestinal wall, with bacteria, respectively endotoxins being transferred into the bloodstream. Another “source” of endotoxins can be the udder, as the prevalence of gram-negative bacteria in the mammary glands is remarkable (Morkoc et al., 1983). The endotoxins can lead to an endocrine dysfunction: ↑ Cortisol, ↓ PGF2α, ↓Prolactin, ↓ Oxytocin. MMA stands for: – Mastitis, a bacterial infection of the udder: Mastitis can be provoked from two sides: on the one hand, endotoxemia leads to an elevation of cytokines (IL1, 6, TNFα). Lower Ca- and K-levels cause teat sphincter to be less functional, facilitating the entry of environmental pathogens into the udder and resulting in mastitis. On the other hand, due to farrowing stress, Cortisol concentrations get higher. The resulting immunosuppression enables E. coli to proliferate in the udder. – Metritis, an infection of the uterus with vulvar discharges: It leads to reduced contractions and, therefore, to prolonged and/or complicated farrowing or dead piglets. Metritis can be promoted by stress causing a decrease in oxytocin and prostaglandin F2α secretion. Morkoc and co-workers (1983) didn’t find a relation between metritis and endotoxins. – Agalactia, a reduction or total loss of milk production: In many cases, agalactia is not detected until the nursing litter shows signs of hunger and/or weight loss. At worst, the mortality rate in piglets increases. Probably, milk deficiency is caused by lower levels of the hormones involved in lactation. Prolactin levels e.g., may be dramatically reduced by small volumes of endotoxin (Smith and Wagner, 1984). The levels of oxytocin are often half those in normal sows (Pig Progress, 2020). Endotoxin shock A septic shock can be the response to the release of a high amount of endotoxins. In the case of an infection with gram-negative bacteria, the animals are treated with (often bactericidal) antibiotics. Also, the immune system is eliminating the bacteria. Due to bacterial death, endotoxins are massively released. When not bound, they activate the immune system including mac-
ISSUE FOCUS FEED & ADDITIVE MAGAZINE April 2023 25 rophages, monocytes, and endothelial cells. Consequently, high amounts of cellular mediators like TNFα, Interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6, and leukotrienes are released. High levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines activate the complement and coagulation cascade. In some animals, then the production of prostaglandins and leukotrienes is stimulated, implicating high fever, decreased blood pressure, generation of thrombi in the blood, collapse, damaging several organs, and lethal (endotoxic) shock. Endotoxic shock only occurs to a few susceptible animals, although the whole herd may have been immune-stimulated. A more severe problem is the decrease in the normally strong piglets’ performance, deviating resources from production to the immune system because of the endotoxemia. Amplified diarrhea Lipopolysaccharides lead to an augmented release of prostaglandins, which influence gastrointestinal functions. Together with leukotrienes and pro-inflammatory mediators within the mucosa, they reduce intestinal absorption (Munck et al., 1988; Chiossone et al., 1990) but also initiate a pro-secretory state in the intestine. Liang and co-workers (2005) observed a dose-dependent accumulation of abundant fluid in the small intestine resulting in increased diarrheagenic activity and a decreased gastrointestinal motility in rats. CONCLUSION Acting against Gram- bacteria can result in an even more severe issue – endotoxemia. Endotoxins, besides having a direct negative impact on the organism, also contribute to some diseases. Supporting gut health by different approaches, including the binding of toxins, helps to keep animals healthy. References 1. Andersen, P.H. “Bovine endotoxicosis – some aspects of relevance to production diseases. A review.” Acta vet. scand. Suppl. 98 (2003): 141-155. DOI: 10.1186/1751-014744-S1-P57 2. Andersen, P.H., N. Jarløv, M. Hesselholt, and L. Bæk. “Studies on in vivo Endotoxin Plasma Disappearance Times in Cattle.” Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin. Reihe A 43 no. 2(1996): 93-101. DOI: 10.1111/j.14390442.1996.tb00432.x 3. Baker, B., S.L. Gaffin, M. Wells, B.C. Wessels and J.G. Brock-Utne. “Endotoxaemia in racehorses following exertion.” Journal of the South African Veterinary Association June (1988): 63-66. https://journals.co.za/ docserver/fulltext/savet/59/2/1341.pdf?expires=1598 542211&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=E50C766D318776E09CA41DA912F14CAD 4. Beutler, B. and T. Rietschel. “Innate immune sensing and its roots: The story of endotoxin.” Nature Reviews / Immunology 3(2003): 169-176. DOI: 10.1038/nri1004 5. Brandenburg, K. “Kleines Molekül – große Hoffnung - Neue Behandlungsmöglichkeit gegen Blutvergiftung in Sicht.“ Newsletter 70 (Okt.); Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (2014). https://www.gesundheitsforschung-bmbf.de/de/kleines-molekul-grosse-hoffnung-neue-behandlungsmoglichkeit-gegen-blutvergiftung-in-sicht-2716.php 6. Braun-Fahrländer, C., J. Riedler, U. Herz, W. Eder, M. Waser, L. Grize, S. Maisch, D. Carr, F. Gerlach, A. Bufe, R.P. Lauener, R. Schierl, H. Renz, D. Nowak and E. von Mutius. „Environmental exposure to endotoxin and its relation to asthma in school-age children. ”The New England Journal of Medicine 347 (2002): 869-877. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa020057. 7. Brock-Utne, J.G., S.L. Gaffin, M.T. Wells, P. Gathiram, E. Sohar, M.F. James, D.F. Morrel, and. R.J. Norman. “Endotoxemia in exhausted runners after a long-distance race.” South Afr. Med. J. 73 (1988): 533-536. https:// www.researchgate.net/publication/19780279_Endotoxaemia_in_exhausted_runners_after_a_long-distance_race 8. Chiossone, D. C., P.L. Simon, P.L. Smith. “Interleukin-1: effects on rabbit ileal mucosal ion transport in vitro.” European Journal of Pharmacology 180 no. 2-3 (1990): 217–228. DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(90)90305-P. 9. Deopurkar R., H. Ghanim, J. Friedman, et al. “Differential effects of cream, glucose, and orange juice on inflammation, endotoxin, and the expression of Toll-like receptor-4 and suppressor of cytokine signaling-3.” Diabetes care 33 no. 5 (2010):991–997. 10. Erridge, C., E. Bennett-Guerrero, and I.R. Poxton. “Structure and function of lipopolysaccharides.” Microbes and Infection 4 no. 8 (2002): 837-851. DOI: 10.1016/
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