SPECIAL STORY 60 FEED & ADDITIVE MAGAZINE March 2023 mixed micelles, these micelles break up when contacting with intestinal villi, LCFA is absorbed into intestine epithelia, while bile acids return to the liver via enterohepatic circulation. Role of phospholipids on lipid utilization Phospholipids are a kind of surface-active agent or surfactant, and the main industrial use of lecithin is as a lipid emulsifier, particularly in processed foods. Fish diets, of course, do not require the presence of phospholipids as emulsifiers, but their presence in the formulation may improve lipid emulsification and aid digestion in the intestine of the fish after consumption. Improved lipid digestibility has been reported in salmon fed diets containing soybean lecithin has been attributed to emulsification properties of the phospholipids, and other studies have shown that dietary phospholipids has increased the digestibility in juvenile fish (Craig and Gatlin, 1997). In a study conducted by (Koven et al., 1993) in gilthead sea bream larvae, a lecithin–supplemented diet substantially increased the uptake of labelled lipids from the diet via improved emulsification. There is a general beneficial effect of PL addition to micro diets on the growth and survival of several fish species such as ayu, carp. PC (phosphatidyl choline) are more effective in promoting growth in larval Japanese flounder (Kanazawa 1993a) and carp whereas PI (Phosphotidylinositol) seems to be more effective than PC in enhancing the survival. The addition of soybean lecithin to diets enhances ingestion rates in prawn and gilthead seabream. Total lipid digestibility is increased by the addition of soybean PC to diets for carp. There is considerable evidence that dietary phospholipids can improve feed intake and act as an emulsifier in the gut (Koven et al., 1993), reduce lipid peroxidation, it stimulates the lipoprotein synthesis in gut enterocytes. Figure 1. Sequence of events in fat digestion Source: Gerhard Meisenberg (2012) Source: Lysoforte Kemin Figure 2. Role of lysopholipid in fat digestion
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