ISSUE FOCUS FEED & ADDITIVE MAGAZINE September 2022 35 PL from commercial hatcheries that used wildcaught ready-to-spawn females and consistently produced roughly 3,000 MT of black tiger shrimp each year (Pijl, 2021). Although the early years of cultivating L. vannamei shrimp turned many Indian farmers wealthy, they ran into hardship within a few years, and many are still struggling today. Rising L. vannamei specific infections and diminishing prices make it difficult for growers to generate income even with a good yield. Instead, they lowered stocking densities and farming cycles, harvesting smaller sizes of L. vannamei. Unfortunately, with dwindling small-size prices, many people are realising that this approach would most likely fail in the coming years. This has caused individuals to return to P. monodon for the past couple of years, which was previously not a possibility for many because of the lack of SPF PL. Although the Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA) constructed a government-run nucleus breeding centre (NBC) and broodstock multiplication centre (BMC) on the Andaman Islands in 2014, this operation have been unsuccessful in producing substantial numbers of SPF black tiger broodstock. Recognizing the situation, CAA issued a request for expressions of interest in 2019 for providers of SPF black tiger broodstock to apply for a permit to supply the Indian market, resulting in the introduction of two suppliers with their SPF black tiger broodstock. SPF BROODSTOCK SUPPLIERS The companies listed below supply specific pathogen free (SPF) black tiger broodstock globally. 1. CPF (Thailand) 2. Moana Technologies (Hawaii, USA) 3. Aquaculture de la Mahajamba (known as Aqualma, and part of the Unima Group) (Madagascar) 4. Topgen (Thailand) Moana has an NBC in Hawaii and a BMC in Vietnam's Ninh Thuan province. The company supplies to Bangladesh, Indonesia, and the Philippines. CP Foods primarily provides its own hatcheries in Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, and China, as well as to other hatcheries in Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. Topgen, founded in 2012 by a group of shrimp pioneers, established the black gen line through multi-collaborations and now has global clientele supplying broodstock to China, Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam, South Korea, Myanmar, Taiwan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Greece, and Ukraine. Aqualma has been selling broodstock to Malaysian hatcheries for several years, and India is the company's second Asian export market. Moana and CP Foods currently hold the majority of market share. In 2020, the two firms produced approximately 80,000 broodstock, the majority of which originated from Moana (Pijl, 2021). Among the four, the Indian government permitted Moana Technologies and Aqualma to supply SPF black tiger broodstock to India in October 2019. Thai suppliers were officially excluded, as in the case of L. vannamei, due to the concerns about disease frequency in Thailand. SPF MONODON HATCHERIES IN INDIA There are three hatcheries producing SPF black tiger PL in India. 1. Vaishnavi Aquatech (Moana) 2. Unibio (Aqualma) Happy Farmer of Unibio (Mr. M. Sudhakaran, Director, Royale Marine Impex)
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