ARTICLE 72 FEED & ADDITIVE MAGAZINE May 2022 therefore permit better exploitation of the meal, in addition to their function in body energy systems (they are both a source and a store means of energy). They also improve the efficiency of energy use as well as the food's acceptability. The energy value of fats and oils in food and feed is determined by a number of factors, including the carbon chain length, the specific organisation of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in the glycerol molecule, the structure of free fatty acids, the structure of the food/feed, the amounts and types of triglycerides added to food/feed, intestinal flora, species, sex, and age of the human/animal. Piglets are weaned and begin eating feed between the ages of 15 and 28 days in modern pig production. The digestive tracts of such young piglets are not yet matured, therefore they cannot use all of the nourishment available from feed, according to feed consumption statistics. This low intake results in poor calorie intake, which has a negative impact on the piglets' growth and development. Because of inadequate pancreas and intestinal lipase activity, which causes insufficient fat absorption from the digestive system, long chain fatty acids (LCFA) digestibility is reduced by 65 to 80 percent in these young piglets compared to older animals. Piglets cannot manufacture enough carnitine during this stage of development, which has a significant negative impact on the transport of LCFAs into mitochondria for energy production. Furthermore, free radicals can break unsaturated bonds in LCFAs, resulting in cascade damage to endogenous lipids and the development of peroxide. MFCA, on the other hand, is an excellent supplement for weaned piglets. Because MCFAs have an unpleasant odour on their own, their triacylglycerols (medium chain triacylglycerols; MCTs) are commonly added to animal feed. MCTs, or MCFAs, or mixes of two or all four key MCFAs as supplements for growing piglets have different effects depending on the amount given. Piglet growth is also influenced by the life period at which they are fed MCFA. Because of their low levels of produced bile salt and lipase, broilers have restricted fat absorption and digestive capability in their early days. Fat digestibility is 6% lower in young birds than in adults, but the young animals have a far higher ability to absorb polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). In chicken, MCFAs have a unique nutritional value as well as metabolic and antimicrobial properties. The use of MCFA in egg production resulted in improved results, including tougher shells, higher egg protein quality, higher calcium content, and lower numbers of Escherichia coli bacteria.
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