ARTICLE 70 FEED & ADDITIVE MAGAZINE May 2022 Antimicrobial effect: Pathogens infect fish, especially under an intense culture system, causing significant morbidity and death, as well as a drop in production efficiency, causing high production losses. Propolis stimulates the innate immune response or reduces parasite damage in the host tissue by encouraging macrophages to produce microbicidal chemicals. The resistance activity of Gram-negative bacteria is higher than gram-positive bacteria to propolis because of the presence of multidrug resistance (MDRs) pumps which expel the amphipathic poisons across the outer membrane and also the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria prevents or slows propolis penetration at low doses. The biological components of propolis, such as flavonoids, phenolic components, and their esters, ketones, and phenolic aldehydes, can prevent fungal infections. Various components present in the propolis such as quercetin, naringenin, and caffeic acid affect the cytoplasmic membrane (causing membrane potential degeneracy), inhibiting enzyme function as well as the bacterial movement. Antioxidant activity: Daidzein, naringenin, quercetin, chrysin, ferulic acid, kaempferol, drupanin, pinocembrin, apigenin, caffeic acid, cinnamic acid, 3′,7- dimethyl ether, isosakuranetin artepillin C, coumaric acid aromadendrin-4′-methyl ether, pinobanksin 3-acetate, and baccharin are the components present in propolis responsible for antioxidant activity. The mechanism of action is the result of their capacity to scavenge free radicals, bind metal ions, and reduce oxidative stress. Propolis components (caffeic acid and 3-prenyl-4-hydroxy-cinnamic acid) exhibit unique antioxidant properties, whereas artepillin C uses irregular scavenging activity to reduce the activity of free radicals. CONCLUSION Propolis being an amalgamation of myriad of essential properties like anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, growth promoter etc. The necessity of its addition as feed additive which significantly improvise the feed quality of the fishes. References: 1. Ahangari, Z., Naseri, M. and Vatandoost, F., 2018. Propolis: chemical composition and its applications in endodontics. Iranian endodontic journal, 13(3), p.285. 2. Farag, M.R., Abdelnour, S.A., Patra, A.K., Dhama, K., Dawood, M.A., Elnesr, S.S. and Alagawany, M., 2021. Propolis: properties and composition, health benefits and applications in fish nutrition. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 115, pp.179-188. 3. Kuropatnicki, A.K., Szliszka, E. and Krol, W., 2013. Historical aspects of propolis research in modern times. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013 About Kamalii Ahilan Kamalii Ahilan, gravitational pull towards fisheries since childhood has paved the way to pursue her Masters in aquaculture at Dr. M.G.R. Fisheries College and Research Institute, Ponneri. Being a tree-hugger, she certainly wanted the fisheries to be in line with sustainability. Her current works are focused on the use of insect meal (black soldier fly larvae) to replace the fish meal in aquaculture. Being moved by the quote “Awareness is the greatest agent of change”, she has conducted several seminars and spoke up on sustainability to make the people aware of the pertaining menace situation and the urge to combat back to normalcy. She has also published several reviewed and popular articles in the view of aquaculture. About Mahalakshmi Shankar Mahalakshmi is currently pursuing Master’s degree in aquaculture at Dr. M.G.R. R Fisheries College and Research Institute, Ponneri. She has a strong interest in biofloc technology. She is passionate about working on aquaponics and rearing of ornamental fishes.
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