ARTICLE 66 FEED & ADDITIVE MAGAZINE May 2022 Table 1. Hydrophilic/lipophilic balance (HLB) values of common food emulsifiers. (Adapted from R. Miller, Emulsifiers: Types and Uses in Encyclopaedia of Food and Health, 2016) HLB value 3 3 4 4-5 5 5 6 7 8 8-10 9 11 13 15 15 18 Abbreviation LMG PGMS MDGs SMG CSL DATEMs EMG SSL Emulsifier Lactylated monoglyceride Propylene glycol monostearate Mono- and diglycerides Mixture of Phospholipids (lecithin) Succinylated monoglyceride Sucrose monostearate Sorbitan monostearate Glycerol monolaurate Calcium stearoyl-2-lactylate Raw soy lecithin Diacetyl tartaric acid esters of monoglyceride Polysorbate 65 Ethoxylated monoglyceride Sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate Polysorbate 80 Bile salt (endogenous emulsifier) 2. Regulates bile acid homeostasis a. Bile acid activates FXR (Farsenoid X Receptor) and TGR5 (G-protein coupled bile acid receptor) which leads to inhibition of bile acid synthesis through various pathways. b. Conjugation of bile acids with taurine and glycine is mediated by the enzymes bile acid coenzyme A (CoA) synthetase and bile acid-CoA amino acid N-acetyltransferase which is controlled by FXR. c. Bile acid can induce transcription of the bile salt export pump (BSEP) through FXR which facilitates bile flow and excretion of waste compounds from hepatocytes. d. Bile acid regulates intestinal bile acid uptake by regulating the expression of sodium-dependent sodium taurocholate co-transporting peptide (NTCP) and apical sodium dependant bile salt transporter (ASBT) via FXR dependent mechanisms. e. Protects Liver: Bile acids activate FXR, which induces suppression of de novo synthesis, enhances conjugation and detoxification, and increases efflux both across the canalicular as well as the basolateral membrane thereby preventing hepatic accumulation of bile acids and liver damage. 3. Modulates glucose homeostasis a. Activation of FXR by bile acids reduces gluconeogenesis and increase glycogen synthesis in the liver therefore lowering blood glucose levels. b. Activation of FXR by bile acids also regulates insulin sensitivity. 4. Improves energy utilisation via regulating lipid homeostasis *mainly through activation of FXR a. Bile acids reduce triglyceride levels.
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