ISSUE FOCUS FEED & ADDITIVE MAGAZINE May 2022 25 risk of contamination, lower control of the environmental conditions and greater land and water requirements.20 AstaReal AB uses the indoor PBR technology, which allows for stricter control of the environmental factors and biomass quality with no environmental impurities. Natural astaxanthin has a wide array of applications and the various ingredient formats that are available in the market, offers a huge possibility for formulating innovative animal food and feed. References: 1Carole Anne Llewellyn. Microalgae is nature’s ‘green gold’: our pioneering project to feed the world more sustainably. 2022. Accessed on April 28th, 2022 at: https://theconversation.com/microalgae-is-natures-green-gold-our-pioneeringproject-to-feed-the-world-more-sustainably-170158 2Vale M A, Ferreira A, Pires J C,Gonçalves A L(2020) CO2 capture using microalgae. In: Mohammad Reza Rahimpour, Mohammad Farsi, Mohammad Amin Makarem (Eds) In Advances in Carbon Capture. Woodhead Publishing, Duxford, pp 381 - 405. ISBN 9780128196571. 3Global Perspectives on Astaxanthin From Industrial Production to Food, Health, and Pharmaceutical Applications. Gokare A. Ravishankar, Ambati Ranga Rao. 2021, Elsevier Inc. ISBN: 978-0-12-823304-7. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1016/C2019-0-01800-6. 4Nishida et al. Quenching Activities of Common Hydrophilic and Lipophilic Antioxidants against Singlet Oxygen Using Chemiluminescence Detection System. Carotenoid Science (2007) Vol.11:16-20. 5Oslan, S.N.H. et al. Bioprocess Strategy of Haematococcus lacustris for Biomass and Astaxanthin Production Keys to Commercialization: Perspective and Future Direction. Fermentation 2022, 8, 179. https://doi.org/10.3390/ fermentation8040179. 6Lim KC et al. (2018), Astaxanthin as feed supplement in aquatic animals. Rev Aquacult, 10: 738-773. https://doi. org/10.1111/raq.12200 7Ambati RR et al. Astaxanthin: Sources, Extraction, Stability, Biological Activities and Its Commercial Applications—A Review. Mar. Drugs 2014, 12, 128-152; doi:10.3390/md12010128. 8Zanghi BM et al.: Effects of postexercise feeding of a supplemental carbohydrate and protein bar with or without astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis to exercise-conditioned dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2015 Apr;76(4):338-50. 9Destefanis S et al.: Clinical evaluation of a nutraceutical diet as an adjuvant to pharmacological treatment in dogs affected by Keratoconjunctivitis sicca. BMC Vet Res. 2016 Sep 22;12(1):214. 10Sato F et al.: Effects of Daily Astaxanthin and L-Carnitine Supplementation for Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage in Training Thoroughbred Horses. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science. 35. 2015. 11Chew BP et al.: Dietary astaxanthin enhances immune response in dogs. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 2011;140(3-4):199-206. 12Park et al. Astaxanthin stimulates cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in cats. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 2011;144:455–461. 13Kamada H et al.: Astaxanthin increases progesterone production in cultured bovine luteal cells. J Vet Med Sci. 2017 Jun 29;79(6):1103-1109. Epub 2017 Apr 23. 14Wan FC et al.: Protective effects of astaxanthin on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in bovine endometrial epithelial cells†. Biol Reprod. 2020 Feb 14;102(2):339-347. 15Hosseindoust et al. Muscle Antioxidant Activity and Meat Quality Are Altered by Supplementation of Astaxanthin in Broilers Exposed to High Temperature. Antioxidants 2020, 9, 1032. 16Daly B et al.: Dietary astaxanthin supplementation for hatchery-cultured red king crab, Paralithodes camtschaticus , juveniles. Aquacult Nutr. 2013 Jun;19(3):312–20. 17Li M et al.: Comparison effect of dietary astaxanthin and Haematococcus pluvialis on growth performance, antioxidant status and immune response of large yellow croaker Pseudosciaena crocea. Aquaculture. 2014 Oct;434:227–32. 18Cai M et al.: Dietary Haematococcus pluvialis promotes growth of red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852) via positive regulation of the gut microbial co-occurrence network. Aquaculture. 2022 Mar;551:737900. 19Janssen et al. Microalgae based production of single-cell protein. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 2022, 75:102705. 20Araújo et al. (2021) Current Status of the Algae Production Industry in Europe: An Emerging Sector of the Blue Bioeconomy. Front. Mar. Sci. 7:626389. doi: 10.3389/ fmars.2020.626389.
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