ARTICLE 58 FEED & ADDITIVE MAGAZINE April 2022 Table 2. Proximate composition of different stages of papaya peel (adapted from Chukwaka et al., 2013) 0.23 0.31 0.33 Fat (%) 5.25 4.84 3.15 Ash (%) 14.52 13.67 9.67 Crude fiber (%) 30.35 27.87 20.04 NFE 10.56 9.04 6.89 Crude protein (%) 54.48 58.22 68.39 Moisture (%) Unripe Hard ripe Very ripe Sample of PP few significant studies available using papaya processing waste in the case of aquatic animals. The proximate analysis of papaya peel meal showed that it has a crude protein ranging from 6 to 10% (Table 2). Among different fruits, papaya has the highest carotenoid concentration than other fruits like pineapple, olives, etc. Beta-Carotene is the most dominant carotenoid present in the papaya, providing an antioxidant defence as we as the precursor of Vitamin A. In general, papaya peel is rich in carbon and nitrogen; hence it can be used as the substrate for cultivating micro-organisms. The papaya is generally rich in several protease enzymes, which can impact animal digestion and growth. Papain is the popular proteolytic enzyme obtained from the latex of unripe papaya; it is widely used as the meat tenderizer in the food industry. Papaya is rich in several micronutrients, especially vitamins and minerals, which have a considerable role in cultured animals' growth and health status. It was found that mineral content in peel and leaves are much higher than pulp (Asghar et al., 2016). Hence, papaya peel can be a potential feed additive in aquafeed as it is rich in several phenolic compounds such as gallic acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid etc. These compounds have anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, antioxidant and chelating properties. Here the waste product of one industry is used as the starting material for another industry; hence this approach is sustainable and can contribute towards the circular economy. WAY FORWARD Preparation of papaya extract and application of papaya peel meal can be a potential method for utilising papaya wastes in aquafeed. Studies showed that application of papaya seed is also beneficial for fishes (Farrag, F. H. et al., 2013). CONCLUSION Several studies from the by-products of fruit have already reported the potential of these phenolic compounds to be used as an additive in the aquafeed, whereas less significant studies were reported from papaya. Further studies on the effect of papaya peel meal and the extract can provide insights on the nutraceutical potential when administered as an additive in the aquafeed. It is a loss if these by-products of papaya with rich bioactive compounds dumped as waste. Moreover, it creates stress to environment and sustainability of the eco-system will be affected. References: Chukwuka,K.S., Iwuagwu, M., Uka, U.N.2013 Evaluation of nutritional components of Carica papaya L. At different stages of ripening IOSR journal of pharmacy and biological sciences. ;6(4):13–16. Undugodage,Dulanjali.Rodrigo.,Bulathsinhalage,Gayani.Kanchana.Perera.2018. Important biological activities of papaya peel extracts and their importance in formulation of a low cost fish feed to enhance the skin colour and the healthiness of guppies, DOI: 10.29322/IJSRP.8.12.8490. Pathak,N., Khan, S., Bhargava, A., Raghuram, G.V., Jain, D., Panwar, H., Samarth, R.M., Jain ,S.K., Maudar, K.K., Mishra, D.K., Mishra, P.K.2014. Cancer chemopreventive effects of the flavonoid-rich fraction isolated from papaya seeds. Nutrition and Cancer ,66(5):857–871. FAO. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2020. Sustainability in Action http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ ca9229en (FAO, 2020). Mehrim, Ahmed. (2013). Pawpaw (Carica Papaya) Seeds Powder In Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) Diet 1- Growth Performance, Survival, Feed Utilization, Carcass Composition Of Fry And Fingerlings. J. Animal and Poultry Prod., Mansoura Univ., Vol.4 (6): 363 - 379, 2013. Asimi,O. A., Sahu, N. P. 2013 Herbs/spices as feed additive in aquaculture. Scientific Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 2:284-292. Abani,Deka., Sahu,N.P., Jain,K.K. 2003.Utilization of fruit processing waste in the diet of Labeo rohita Fingerling. Asian-Australian journal of animal sciences, Vol 16, No11:1661-1665.
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