ARTICLE FEED & ADDITIVE MAGAZINE April 2022 57 whereas BHA, which is a possible human carcinogen, hence the best and sustainable switch is to move towards natural sources. STATUS OF ORGANICWASTE GENERATION Food waste is one of the deadly menaces generated by the human population and as per FAO statistics, 1/3 or 1.3 billion tons of food waste are generated annually. They contribute to environmental pollution and climate change through the humongous amount of carbon dioxide emissions globally. The United Nations have issued a warning stating that 10% of greenhouse gas emissions are mainly due to food waste accumulation. Fruit and vegetable waste occupy the top-most position among all types of food wastage which can reach up to 60%. They are usually power-packed with rich nutritional components, and account for almost 39% of total organic waste generation. Hence, it is the need of the hour to evaluate how best we can convert these fruit waste or vegetable waste into input of other sectors. There are multiple fruits available, ranging from local to exotic ones; wastage from these fruits can be utilized individually or in a mixture. One such strategy is to unlock the numerous bioactive substances imbibed within them and apply it in aquafeed as immunoceuticals. We all know that fruits are generally enriched with several antioxidant substances, utilizing their by-products as a natural antioxidant defence in the aquatic animals is the most remarkable approach one has to study in this climate crisis scenario. PAPAYA BY-PRODUCTS AS FUNCTIONAL ADDITIVES IN AQUAFEED Papaya is a tropical fruit; hence it is readily available throughout the year and economical. It comes under the Caricaceae family. India is a top producer of papaya globally with an annual production of 5.95 million metric tons (Statista, 2021). Because of the numerous health benefits this fruit offers; it is popularly called human fruit/medicine tree/melon of health. Papaya is popular among all age groups because of its taste, and it has a vast industrial scope. The primary by-products of the papaya processing industry include papaya peel and papaya seed, which accounts for 12 and 8.5 % of fruit weight (Pathak et al., 2019). These peels and seeds are rich in several phenolic compounds (Table 1), which can exert an anti-oxidant effect in aquatic animals when administered through feed as a nutraceutical. There are very Sun dried images of Papaya peel Papaya peel extract Table 1. Bioactive substances present in papaya peel (Adapted and modified from Verghese et al., 2016 and Gayani et al., 2018) 18.06 29.28 38.16 95.46 3.17 Ascorbic acid, potassium, sulphur, copper. Concentrations (ug/g) Gallic acid Caffeic acid P-coumaric acid Ferulic acid Quercetin Others Bioactive substances (papaya peel)
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