Feed & Additive Magazine Issue 25 February 2023

SPECIAL STORY 50 FEED & ADDITIVE MAGAZINE February 2023 undermining animal performance or even leading to death (Juan et al., 2017; Peng et al., 2018). ANTI-NUTRITIONAL FACTORS NEGATIVELY IMPACT ANIMAL HEALTH In addition, some agro-industrial by-products contain anti-nutritional factors (glycoalkaloids, tannins). These substances impair feed digestibility and affect animal performance (Jimenez-Moreno et al., 2019). Also, a high fiber content in the diet containing by-products limits the performance (Pereira et al., 2019). ADDITIVES CAN HELP WITH COST REDUCTION Due to the increase in feed prices, it is also necessary to review the strategies for using feed additives in animal production. Enzymatic complexes or packages, mannanases, phytases, and xylanases, among others, might be a helpful option to maximize the yield of existing diets. For example, Edward et al. (2000) reviewed the benefits of using phytase for better phosphorus utilization in the diet (a raw material that also suffers from price increases since much of it is imported from China). However, the enzymes must be used properly. Nutritionists trying to create profitable formulations must check the availability of the substrate before including the enzyme in their formulation. Other feed additives such as toxin binders reduce the exposure of animals to possible increased levels of mycotoxins. Gut health-improving additives such as pro/pre-biotics, phytomolecules, and MCFAs support gut health and performance, achieving similar levels as traditional diets. These applications should be thoroughly evaluated as the return from their application may be interesting in increased by-products diets. USING BY-PRODUCTS IN POULTRY MEANS BALANCING SEVERAL FACTORS In poultry feeds, using by-products to increase sustainability and cost-reduction is supported by ample research and practice, especially in feed for broilers and laying hens. Research focuses on finding the risks of the inclusion of various by-products and thus the levels at which their inclusion does not hurt health and performance. In summary, to use by-products in poultry diets, their cost, availability, nutritional composition, anti-nutritional factors, quality, as well as interaction and cost-effectiveness with feed additives (e.g., enzymes, toxin binders) must be considered to avoid or diminish the factors hindering animal health and performance. DDGS ARE A VALUABLE SOURCE OF PROTEINS – BUT WITH LIMITED INCLUSION DDGS provide protein, energy, water-soluble vitamins, xanthophylls, and linoleic acid (Abd ElHack et al., 2015). However, it also contains anti-nutritional factors such as non-starch polysaccharides -NSP- (Pedersen et al., 2014). A further disadvantage is their high danger of mycotoxin contamination (Schaafsma et al., 2009), even though Wang et al. (2007) and Damasceno (2020) indicate that up to 16% of DDGS can be included in broilers’ diets without negatively affecting health, performance, and meat characteristics. RICE BRANS ARE ONE OF THE MAIN AVAILABLE GRAIN BY-PRODUCTS Rice brans constitute 10% of the paddy rice and thus represent a considerable global volume of the available grain by-products. As a feed ingredient, it is rich in protein, starch, fat, vitamins, and some trace minerals (Sanchez et al., 2019). Due to their susceptibility to oxidation (rancidity) and anti-nutritional factors such as phytase and trypsin inhibitors (Gallinger et al., 2004), the limit recommended for this by-product in poultry is around 10% (Hosseini et al., 2020; Sanchez et al., 2019). Several factors must be considered when using by-products in poultry nutrition

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